分享英文的各種Grammar。。。。。。

yan10

Lesson 32 : Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense
動詞的過去完成時態的形態是：had + 動詞的過去分詞
動詞的過去完成時態表示：

過去某一時間之前已經完成的動作或狀態,使用這種時態，多會涉及兩個動作或狀態。一個在前，一個在後。
敘述前面的動作或狀態，動詞要用過去完成時態；敘述後面的動作或狀態，動詞要用一般過去時態。

例如：
         
  I had taken my supper when he arrived.  ﹝當他到達時，我已吃完我的晚餐。﹞
※ 上述句子涉及兩個動作，一是「他到達」，二是「我吃晚餐」。
   「我吃晚餐」在前，要用過去完成時態；「他到達」在後，要用一般過去時態。
         
※ "I had taken my supper" 是主句， "when he arrived" 是從句
   ﹝副詞從句﹞。
         
※ 圖示：

            過去         現在          將來
  _________________________│__________________________
        │           │
    past perfect       simple past
  Had you finished your work when I visited you yesterday?
  When I reached the station, the train had already started.
  He said that his father had returned to America.
  After I had done my work, I played tennis.
※ 若用了 "After" 這個詞，可不用過去完成時態，因已有「之後」
   的含意。即：
         
  After I did my work, I played tennis.
   在這種情況下，"After I did my work"是：
     " Simple past Tense in form, but past perfect Tense in meaning."
  ﹝形式上是一般過去時態，但意義上是過去完成時態﹞
   同樣，I had seen your father before I went.亦可寫成：
         
  I saw your father before I went.
用英文表示「我看電視之前已完成功課」，可以有多種方式：
        
1. When I had finished my homework, I watched television.
2. I had finished my homework when I watched television.
3. I had finished my homework before I watched television.
4. I finished my homework before I watched television.
5. After I had finished my homework, I watched television.
6. After I finished my homework, I watched television.
7. I finished my homework and I watched television.
  ﹝時間順序法﹞
※ 「時間順序法」：按事件的先後次序連接起來。
   如果涉及三件或以上的事件，就更需要用這種方法了。例如：

I reached the station, the bell rang and the train started.
練習
翻譯
         
1. 昨晚當那個賊偷我的東西時，我已睡了三小時。
2. 當他回來時，他的父親已死了是不真確的。
3. 他昨天知道我已尋回我於上星期失去的手錶。
4. 他說他的父親昨天己歸家了。
5. 我不相信學校已開課。
6. 在你認識他之前，他已成為著名的科學家了。
7. 我到來之前，曾見過你的母親。
8. 我記得你在上海已住了三年。
9. 昨天當我在廚房時,你是否已完成你的功課？
10. 我在他離開之後到達。


1. I had slept for three hours when the theif stole my things last night.
2. That his father had died when he returned was not true.
3. He knew yesterday that I had found the watch which lost last week.
4. He said that his father had come home yesterday.
5. I did not believe that the school had opened.
6. He had become a famous scientist before you knew him.
7. I had seen your mother before I arrived.
8. I remembered that you had lived in Shanghai for three years.
9. Had you finished your homework when I was in kitchen yesterday?
10. I arrived after he had left.

yan10

Lesson 33 : Future Prefect Tense
Future Prefect Tense
動詞的將來完成時態的形態是：

    will ( shall ) have  + 動詞的過去分詞
動詞的將來完成時態表示：

   將來某一時間之前已經完成的動作或狀態
使用這種時態，多會涉及兩個動作或狀態。一個在前，一個在後。
敘述前面的動作或狀態，動詞要用將來完成時態；敘述後面的動作
或狀態，動詞要用一般現在時態。
         
※ 圖示：

        過去      現在            將來
  _________________│____________________________________
                          │              │
                    future perfect     simple present (simple future)
例如：
         
  We will have completed the work before you come.
  ﹝在你來之前，我們將完成工作。﹞

※「你來」在將來發生，應用 "You will come" ( Simple Future ) ，
  但習慣上卻用 "You come" ( Simple Present ) 來代替。
  這種情況是：

  "Simple present tense in form but Simple future in meaning"
  ﹝形式上是一般現在時態，但意義上是一般將來時態﹞

  He will have studied English for five years by the end
  of next month.

  * "by the end of next month" 稱「時間短語」"Phrase of time"，
    使用了，可不用從句。
         
  We will have played ball when you come.
  或 when you come, we will have played ball.
  When I have taken my supper, I will take a walk with you.
  ﹝當我吃完晚餐時，我將和你散步。﹞

※「我吃完晚餐」在將來完成，應用 Future Perfect Tense，
  但可以用 Present Prefect Tense 代替。
  這種情況是：

   " Present perfect tense in form but future perfect tense in meaning."
  ﹝形式上是現在完成時態，但意義上是將來完成時態﹞

  After I take my supper, I will take a walk with you.
※若用 "After" 一詞，則可以用 Simple Present Tense 來代替。
  這種情況是：

  "Simple present tense in form but present perfect tense in meaning."
  ﹝形式上是一般現在時態，但意義上是現在完成時態﹞
         
  He says that he will have graduated from a university
  before you return home.

練習
翻譯
         
1. 你到達時，這船將己沉入水中了。
2. 如果我再搖一次鈴，我將己搖了三次。
3. 你在四十歲前，將會成為富翁。
4. 當他們到達車站時，火車將已離開了。
5. 當他們做完課後，他們將會打波。
6. 當她的父親由美國回來時，她將已畢業了。
7. 我希望我在四十歲時，已寫完一本書。
8. 你回家時，太陽將已落了。
9. 明年今日，我將已經與黃先生結婚了。
10. 當你再飲一杯，你今晚已飲了十杯酒了。

1. This ship will have sunk in the water when you arrive.
2. I shall have rung three times if I ring the bell once again.
3. You will have become a rich man before you are forty years old.
4. The train will have left when they reach the station.
5. They will play ball when they have finished  their homework.
6. She will have gratuated when her father comes from America.
7. I hope that I shall have written a book when I am forty years old.
8. The sun will have set when you come home.
9. I shall have got married Mr.Wong this day next year.
10. You will have drunk ten cups of wine when you drink one more.

yan10

Lesson 34 : Continuous Tense

已介紹過的動詞時態
曾經介紹過的動詞時態有六種：

1. Simple Present Tense

  動詞形態：動詞的現在式
         
  例：I do the work now.

2. Simple Past Tense

  動詞形態：動詞的過去式
         
  例：I did the work yesterday.

3. Simple Future Tense

  動詞形態：will / shall﹝英﹞ + 動詞的現在式
         
  例：I will do the work tomorrow.

4. Present Perfect Tense

  動詞形態：have / has + 動詞的過去分詞
         
  I have done the work.

5. Past Perfect Tense

  動詞形態：had + 動詞的過去分詞
         
  例：I had done the work before you came.

6. Future Perfect Tense

  動詞形態：will ( shall ) have + 動詞的過去分詞
         
  例：I will have done the work before you come.

§ Continuous Tense
現在介紹另一種動詞時態，就是進行時態。這種時態的形態是：
         
    BE + 動詞的過去分詞
動詞的進行時態表示：

    正在進行的動作或狀態
進行時態與先前介紹過的六種時態結合，可得出另外六種時態：

  1. Present Continuous Tense
  2. Past Continuous Tense
  3. Future Continuous Tense
  4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
  5. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
  6. Future Perfect Continuous Tense


1. Present Continuous Tense﹝現在進行時態﹞
         
動詞的現在進行時態的形態是：

    am / are / is + 動詞的現在分詞
動詞的現在進行時態表示：
         
    現在正在進行的動作或狀態
例如：
         
  I am going to school.
  You are eating an apple.
  He is playing ball.
※ 有些動詞本身已經有「正在進行」的意思，所以不必用進行時態。
   包括：

(1) 表示情感的動詞
         
例如：
錯誤        正確
I am loving you.        I love you.
She is hating him.        She hates him.
He is liking apples.        He likes apples.
They are disliking oranges.        They dislike oranges.

(2) 表示佔有的動詞
         
例如：
錯誤        正確
He is possessing a house.        He possesses a house.
She is having two dogs.        She has two dogs.

  * He is having a bath. "is having" 不解作「佔有」，解作「行」。

  * He is having his supper. "is having" 不解作「佔有」，解作「吃」。
         
(3) 動詞的進行時態表示的動作或狀態是暫時性的和可以立刻停止
    的。如果動作或狀態是長期性的或不能立刻停止的，則不可用
    進行時態。
         
例如：
         
  I am seeing a flower.﹝錯誤﹞

  I am looking at a flower.﹝正確﹞

  * "see" 是外界的形象傳入我的眼中，使我看見；"look" 是我用心去看
    外界的形象，使我看見。"see" 不能立刻停止，"look" 可以立刻停止。
         
  * "look"是不及物動詞，要加 "at" 才及物。
  Did you see anything?
  I looked but saw nothing.
  I am hearing the radio.﹝錯誤﹞

  I am listening to the radio.﹝正確﹞

  * "hear" 是外界的聲音傳入我的耳中，使我聽到；"listen" 是我用心去聽
   外界的聲音，使我聽到。"hear" 不能立刻停止，"listen" 可以立刻停止。

  * "listen"是不及物動詞，要加 "to" 才及物。
  Did you hear any sound?
  I listened but heard nothing.
  I see everything but look at nothing.﹝視而不見﹞
         
  I hear everything but listen to nothing.﹝聽而不聞﹞
但當 "see" 及 "hear' 不解作「看」和「聽」時，可用進行時態：
         
  The policeman is seeing the matter.
  ﹝那警察正在查訪那事件。﹞
  The judge is hearing the case.
  ﹝那法官正在審查那案件。﹞
  The cow is standing on the hill.﹝正確﹞
         
  The temple is standing on the hill.﹝錯誤﹞
         
  The temple stands on the hill.﹝正確﹞
         
  The horse is lying on the road.﹝正確﹞
         
  A tree is lying on the road.﹝錯誤﹞
         
  A tree lies on the road.﹝正確﹞


2. Past Continuous Tense﹝過去進行時態﹞
         
動詞的過去進行時態的形態是：

    was / were + 動詞的現在分詞
動詞的過去進行時態表示：
         
    過去某一時間內正在進行的動作或狀態
         
例如：
         
  He was sleeping when I saw him yesterday.
  When he came, I was reading the magazine.
  Where were you going when I saw you yesterday?


3. Future Continuous Tense﹝將來進行時態﹞
動詞的將來進行時態的形態是：

    will ( shall ) be + 動詞的現在分詞
動詞的將來進行時態表示：

    將來某一時間內正在進行的動作或狀態
         
例如：
         
  We will be waiting for you at the hotel tomorrow.
  I will be playing ball with John when you come tomorrow.


4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense﹝現在完成進行時態﹞
         
動詞的現在完成進行時態的形態是：

    have ( has ) been + 動詞的現在分詞
動詞的現在完成進行時態表示：
         
    過去已經開始而到現在還正在進行的動作或狀態
         
例如：
         
  I have been reading this book for a week.
  I have been waiting for him since three o'clock.


5. Past Perfect Continuous Tense﹝過去完成進行時態﹞
         
動詞的過去完成進行時態的形態是：

    had been + 動詞的現在分詞
動詞的過去完成進行時態表示：
         
    過去某一時間以前已經開始而到那時還正在進行的動作或狀態
         
例如：
         
  They had been playing ball for an hour when you reached
  the playground.
  I had been doing my homework for three hours when he
  visited me yesterday.


6. Future Perfect Continuous Tense﹝將來完成進行時態﹞
         
動詞的將來完成進行時態的形態是：

    will ( shall ) have been + 動詞的現在分詞
動詞的將來完成進行時態表示：
         
    將來某一時間以前已經開始而到那時還正在進行的動作或狀態
         
例如：
         
  I will have been studying English for five years when you
  begin.

練習
翻譯
         
1. 我正在學習英文文法。
2. 我昨天見你的父親時，他正在工作。
3. 明天這個時候我正在與他在河邊散步。
4. 你昨天在戲院時，他正在上學。
5. 日落時，他正在河邊修補魚網。
6. 犬正在門外吠，因為賊人已入屋了。
7. 如果你明天中午來探訪我，我將正在吃午餐。
8. 農人正等候雨水。
9. 明年今日我們將正在美國研究物理學。
10. 今晨你打電話給我時，我正與李小姐談話。


1. I am studying English grammar.
2. When I saw your father yesterday, he was working.
3. I shall be taking a walk with him by the side of a river this time tomorrow.
4. He was going to school when you were at the theatre yesterday.
5. At sunset he was mending a fishing-net.
6. The dog is barking outside the door because the theif has entered the house.
7. I was having my dinner if you called on me at noon yesterday.
8. Farmers are waiting for the rain.
9. We shall be studying physics in America this day next year.
10. I was talking with Miss Lee when you called me this morning.

yan10

Lesson 35 : Passive Voice

Passive Voice
英文動詞有主動語態 Active Voice 和被動語態 Passive Voice
之分。
如果主語是動作或狀態的「發出者」，動詞就用主動語態；如果主語
是動作或狀態的「承受者」，動詞就用被動語態。
      
例如：
         
  1. John encouraged Mary.﹝約翰鼓勵瑪莉。﹞

  2. Mary was encouraged by John.﹝瑪莉受到約翰鼓勵。﹞      

※ 第一句的動詞 "encouraged" 是主動語態；第二句的動詞

   "was encouraged"是被動語態。
動詞的被動語態的總形態是：

    BE + 動詞的過去分詞
動詞由主動語態變為被動語態的步驟：

  1. 將賓語變為主語；

  2. 根據新主語的身和數，並考慮時態，然後決定 "BE" 的形態；

  3. 將舊主語放在 "by" 之後構成介詞短語。


1. Simple Present Tense
主動語態： I teach him.

被動語態： He is taught by me.


2. Present Continuous Tense
主動語態： I am teaching him.
         
被動語態： He is being taught by me.


3. Present Perfect Tense
主動語態： I have taught him.      

被動語態： He has been taught by me.


4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
主動語態： I have been teaching him for a week.

被動語態： 缺


5. Simple Past Tense
主動語態： I taught him yesterday.

被動語態： He was taught by me yesterday.


6. Past Continuous Tense
主動語態： I was teaching him when you came.     

被動語態： He was being taught by me when you came.


7. Past Perfect Tense
主動語態： I had taught him before you came.

被動語態： He had been taught by me before you came.


8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
主動語態： I had been teaching him an hour before you came.

被動語態： 缺


9. Simple Future Tense
主動語態： I shall teach him tomorrow.   

被動語態： He will be taught by me tomorrow.


10. Future Continuous Tense
主動語態： I shall be teaching him when you come.

被動語態： 缺


11. Future Perfect Tense
主動語態： I shall have taught him before the sun sets.

被動語態： He will have been taught by me before the sun sets.


12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
主動語態： I shall have been teaching him for an hour before
           the sun sets.

被動語態： 缺


其他例子

主動語態： I am looking for you.

被動語態： You are being looked for by me.

  * "look" 不及物動詞，加 "for" 成及物， "look for" 解作「找尋」。


主動語態： I sleep.﹝正確﹞

被動語態： I am slept.﹝錯誤﹞

  * 不及物動詞沒有被動語態。


主動語態： We must do it now.

被動語態： It must be done ( by us ) now.


※ 如果句子中有這類助動詞，那麼動詞的被動語態的形態是：

    助動詞 + BE + 動詞的過去分詞

※ 在不引起誤解的情況下， "by us" 有時可省去。

         
主動語態： You can do it now.

被動語態： It can be done by you now.


主動語態： I gave him a book.

被動語態： He was given a book by me.


※ 如果有兩個賓語，通常代表人的間接賓語變為主語，另一個保留
   不動，稱為「保留賓語」Retained Object。
※ 不過，也可以把直接賓語變為主語。


主動語態： I gave him a book.

被動語態： A book was given him by me.

§ 使用被動語態的一般因由
1. 不易說出動作或狀態的「發出者」
例如：

  This building was completed in 1980.

  * 由誰建成，不易說出。

         
2. 不便說出動作或狀態的「發出者」
例如：

  The meeting has been postponed till Friday.


3. 動作或狀態的「承受者」比「發出者」更需強調
例如：

  A press conference was held last night.


4. 為了修辭
例如：

  The teacher loves the students and is loved by them.

練習
翻譯

1. 他被各人愛戴。
2. 俘虜被縛在那棵樹上。
3. 那個小盜已被警察拘捕了嗎？
4. 那位老師被所有學生歡迎。
5. 那匹馬昨天是否被牠的主人打過？
6. 明年今日，你的書已被印成嗎？
7. 當他起床時，那封信已被我寄了。
8. 你的練習正在被那位老師改正。
9. 他被那位醫生照顧已有半年了。
10. 昨天當我探訪他時，一件玩具正在被他製造著。

1. He is loved by everyone.
2. Captives are tied to the tree.
3. Has that theif been arrested by policemen?
4. That teacher is welcomed by all the students.
5. Was that horse beated by its master yesterday?
6. Will your book have been pressed this day next year?
7. That letter had been sent by me when he woke up.
8. Your exercise is being corrected by that teacher.
9. He has been looked after for half a year by that doctor.
10. A toy was being made by him when I visited him yesterday.

天野美羽

你是老师吗???我眼睛很花了

yan10

我 不 是。  只是想和大家一起分享吧了。。。。。

yan10

Lesson 36 : Adverb Clause
       
Adverb Clause
除了用單詞或短語來形容動詞、形容詞或副詞之外，還可以用從句
來形容上述詞類，這類從句稱為「副詞從句」Adverb Clause。
根據副詞從句的不同功用，可分成：

1. Adverb Clause of Time
2. Adverb Clause of Place
3. Adverb Claued of Reason
4. Adverb Clause of Result
5. Adverb Clause of Purpose
6. Adverb Clause of Manner
7. Adverb Clause of Concession
8. Adverb Clause of Comparison
9. Adverb Clause of Condition

1. Adverb Clause of Time 連接時間副詞從句與主句的詞常見的有：
  when, while, whenever, as, as soon as, once,
  as long as, until(till), since, after, before

例如：

  When money speaks, truth keeps silence.
  ﹝當金錢一開口，真理就保持靜默。﹞
  * "when"意指「當﹝一剎那﹞」。
  * 副詞從句可放在主句前或後，放在主句前，通常用逗號與主句隔開。
  * 這例句運用擬人法。

  Come when you please.
  Strike while the iron is hot.﹝打鐵趁熱。﹞
  * "while"意指「當﹝一段時間﹞」。
  When (he was) young, he was not happy.
  * 副詞從句的動詞用be，而又與主要子句的主語相同，則副詞從句的主語
    及be 動詞可一起省略。

  I learned English while (I was) in London.
  Who took your place while you were ill?
  * 病了一段時間，不能用 "when"。

  Whenever you go, I will follow you.
  * "whenever" 意指「無論何時」。

  You may come whenever you like.
  I read the letter as I walked along the river.
  * "as" 意指「一邊……一邊……」

  His voice trembled as he spoke the last sentence.
  * "as" 意指 "when"。

  As soon as the burglar came into my room, I caught him.
  * "as soon as" 意指「一……就……」﹝兩種動作或變化的時間極短。﹞

  I shall tell him as soon as he comes.
  Once you know him, you will like him.
  * "once" 意指「一旦﹝兩種動作或變化的時差極短。﹞

  Once you show any fear, he will attack you.
  I love you as long as I live.
  * "as long as" 意指「只要」或「有……之久」。

  I shall never forget your kindness as long as I live.
  Wait here until I come back.
  * "until" 意指「直到」。
  * "till" 與 "until" 的意思一樣， "until" 較鄭重其事。

  They never know the worth of liberty till they lose it.
  He has not been well since he returned from Malaya.
  * "since" 意指「自從」。
  * 通常，主句用 "present perfect tense" ，從句用 "simple past tense"。

  We have both changed since we parted.
  It is five years since I saw her last.
  How long is it since he went to London?
  * 有些文法書認為主句所表達的，與其說是時間的經過，不如說是
    時間的長短，因此應用 Simple Present Tense 。

例如：

    It is ten years since I last saw him.
    或 How long is it since you had a raise in salary ?

    但英美人士卻覺得非常奇怪，他們通常會說：
    It has been ten years since I last saw him.
    或 How long has it been since you had a raise in salary?

    不過，也有例外的情況，若表示從過去到現在並沒有改變的性格，
    則可以用Simple Present Tense。例如：

    She is nervous about riding in a car since she was involved
    in the car accident.

  I left before he arrived. ( 或 I had left before he arrived.)
  ﹝他到達之前，我己離開了。﹞

  He arrived after I left. ( 或 He arrived after I had left.)
  ﹝我離開後，他才到達。﹞

2. Adverb Clause of Place連接地點副詞從句與主句的詞主要有：
  where, wherever, whence, whither

例如：
  Where there is a will, there is a way.﹝有志者，事竟成。﹞
  Put the book where it was.
  The beautiful sight greets us wherever we look.
  * "wherever" 意指「無論何處」。
  * 本句運用擬人法。

  Sit wherever you like.
  Don't ask me whence I came.﹝不要問我從哪裡來。﹞
  * "whence" 意指「從哪裡來」。

  Go back whence you came.﹝歸去由來處。﹞
  A rudder guides the ship whither it wills.
  ﹝指導員引導船往它要到的地方去。﹞
  * "whither" 意指「到哪裡去」。

3. Adverb Clause of Reason連接理由副詞從句與主句的詞主要有：
  because, since, as, for, seeing(that)

例如：
  He did it because he thought it right.
  * "because" 意指「因為」；它所帶出的原由是說話者認為聽者不知道的。

  I love you because you understand me.
  Since everybody is present, we may begin our discussion.
  * "since" 意指「因為」；它所帶出的原由是說話者認為聽者已經知道的。

  Since we have no money, we cannot buy it.
  As I shall be here again tomorrow, I will not stay now.
  * "as" 意指「因為」；它所帶出的原由是說話者認為聽者已經知道的。

  She stayed at home as she had no car.
  He did not come, for he was ill.
  * "for" 意指「因為」；不可放在句首；前面常置逗號。

  We cannot go, for it is raining.
※ 依表示理由或原因的強度比較：because → since → as → for

  Seeing (that) he says so, it may be true.
  He could not ask questions, seeing it was none of his
  business.

4. Adverb Clause of Result連接副詞從句與主句的詞主要有：
  so that, so…that, such…that

例如：

The train was late, so that I could not keep my word.
  * "so that" 意指「因此」或「以致」﹝with the result that﹞。

  Turn it from time to time, so that it may be cooked alike
  on both sides.

  He was so excited that he could not sleep.
  * "so" 後接形容詞或副詞。

  Oxygen is so important to life that we cannot live
  without it.

  He is such a good teacher that every student likes him.
  * "such" 後接名詞。

  He is such a liar that no one believes him.

5. Adverb Clause of Purpose連接目的副詞從句與主句的詞主要有：
  that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear(that)

例如：
  He studies hard that he may pass the examination.
  * "that", "so that" 及 "in order that" 皆意指「以便」或「為了」。
  * 使用"that", "so that" 及 "in order that"：
    若主句動詞時態是現在時態、現在進行時態及現在完成時態，
    從句的動詞形態是： will, can, may, shall + root form；

    若主句動詞時態是過去時態，從句的動詞形態是：
    would, could, might, should + root form

  They hurried that they might not miss the train.
  He always takes careful notes so that he may go over
  them after class.
  I went out for a walk so that I might think the matter over
  in the fresh morning air.

  Finish this in order that you can start another.
  He raised his hard in order that the bus might stop.
  I will not make a noise lest I should wake the child.
  * "lest" 意指「以免」。
  * 使用"lest", "for fear that"：
    主句的動詞不管什麼時態，從句動詞的形態都是：
    should, might + root form

  The farmer tied his horse to the tree lest it should
  run away.
   I put the milk on the shelf for fear (that) the cat
  might get at it.
  * "for fear (that)" 意指「唯恐」。

  I took an umbrella with me for fear that it should rain.

6. Adverb Clause of Concession連接讓步副詞從句與主句的詞主要有：
  though, although, even if, even though, however

例如：
  Though it is cheap, I do not buy it.
  Though he tried hard, he was not successful.
  Although he is young, he is wise.
  * "although" 與 "though" 的意思一樣，而 "although"的語氣較為堅定。
  * "although" 多用於句首。
  Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.

※ 在中文裡，使用了「雖然」，隨即使用「但是」。
   在英文裡，用了 "although"或 "though"，不能再使用 "but"；
   用了 "but"，就不能再使用 "although"或 "though"。

例如：雖然我的心破碎，但是我必須微笑。

1. Although (Though) my heart is breaking, I must smile.
2. My heart is breaking, but I must smile.
3. Although (Though) my heart is breaking, yet (still) I
    must smile.
4. My heart is breaking, yet (still) I must smile.
5. Although (Though) my heart is breaking, but I must smile.
   ﹝錯誤﹞
  * "yet" "still" 副詞。
  Even if you fail, you will have gained experience.
  * "even if" 意指「即使」。

  Even though it rains, I will go.
  * "even though" 意指「即使」。
  However difficult it may be, we will do it.
  * "however" 意指「不管怎樣」。

7. Adverb Clause of Manner連接方式副詞從句與主句的詞主要有：
  as, as if, as though

例如：

  You should pronounce this word as your teacher pronounces it.
  * "as" 意指「一如﹝完全一樣﹞」
  * 上句可改為：

   You should pronounce this word as your teacher does it.
  I have done it as it should be done.

  Do in Rome as the Romans do.﹝入鄉隨俗。﹞
  He acts as if he were crazy.
  * "as if"意指「恰如﹝並非完全一樣﹞」。
  * "as if" 從句的動詞用假設語氣，因此用 "were"。
    不過，在現代口語，有時亦用直說方式﹝現在時態、過去時態、
    未來時態等﹞代替假設方式﹝過去時態、過去完成時態﹞。
    假設方式強調「非現實性」，直說方式則著重「可能性」。
    以前，英文文法規定，在 as if 從句中要用假設方式，例如：
    It looks as if it would rain.
    現代英文文法漸改用簡潔的直說方式，例如：

    It looks as if it will rain.
  The baby laughed as if he had understood your expression.
  He speaks English as though he were an Englishman.
  * "as though" 意指「恰如」。
  They talked as though they had been friends for years.

8. Adverb Clause of Comparison連接比較副詞從句與主句的詞主要有：
  as…as, so…as, than

例如：
  He is as poor as a church mouse.
  * 「教堂老鼠」意指沒有東西吃的老鼠。

  I am as busy as a bee.
  He is as poor as you (are).
※ 若從句與主句的動詞時態相同，則 "are" 可隱藏；
   若從句與主句的動詞時態不不同，則 "are" 不可隱藏。

   例如：
   He is as poor as you were.﹝他現在一如你過去那麼窮。﹞
   He was as poor as you are.﹝他過去一如你現在那麼窮。﹞
   He was as poor as you (were).﹝他過去一如你過去那麼窮。﹞
  She is as tall as he (is).
  She is not as tall as he (is).
  She is not so tall as he (is).
  * "as…as" 在肯定句或否定句中皆可用，而 "so…as" 只在否定句中使用。

  I cannot do it so quickly as you.
  Mr. Lee is not so old as he looks.

yan10

※ 在未介紹 "than" 這個從屬連詞的用法前，先介紹形容詞的比較級
   和最高級。為了表達形容詞的不同程度，形容詞可分三級：

    1. 原級 Positive Degree
    2. 比較級 Comparative Degree
    3. 最高級 Superlative Degree
※ 形容詞的比較級和最高級的形成規則如下：

   1. 單音節詞：

      a) 通常在原級後加 er 成比較級，加 est 成最高級。例如：
         great → greater → greatest
         tall → taller → tallest

      b) 若以 e 收尾，則加 r 成比較級，加 st 成最高級。例如：
         large → larger → largest

      c) 若以輔音字母收尾，而輔音字母前是元音字母，則先重複輔音
         字母，加 er 成比較級，加 est 成最高級。例如：
         big → bigger → biggest
         fat → fatter → fattest

    2. 雙音節詞：

      a) 通常在原級後加 er 成比較級，加 est 成最高級。例如：
         clever → cleverer → cleverest
         narrow → narrower → narrowest

      b) 若以 e 收尾，則加 r 成比較級，加 st 成最高級。例如：
         able → abler → ablest

      c) 若以 y 收尾，而 y 前是輔音字母，則改 y 為i ，加 er 成
         比較級，加est 成最高級。例如：
         happy → happier → happiest
         lucky → luckier → luckiest

    3. 多音節詞：

         在前面加 more 成比較級，加 most 成最高級。例如：
         beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful
         important → more important → most important

    4. 還有一些單詞的比較級和最高級是不規則的：
原級        比較級        最高級
good / well        better        best
bad / ill        worse        woest
many / much        more        most
little        less        least
far        farther / further        farthest / furthest
old        older / elder        oldest / eldest

例如：
  He is older than I.
  Mary is two years younger than I.
  Two heads are better than one.

9. Adverb Clause of Condition連接條件副詞從句與主句的詞主要有：
  if, in case, so long as, on condition (that),
  provided that, providing, suppose, supposing, unless

例如：
  If you go away, I will not cry.
  * "if" 意指「如果」。
  * 從句的動詞用現在時態表示將來發生的事情。

  In case he gives me a phone call, tell him that
  I will call him back.
  * "in case" 意指「萬一」。

  So long as you keep the book clean, you may borrow it.
  * "so long as" 意指「只要」。

  I will sell you this camera on condition that you pay
  in cash.
  * "on condition (that)" 意指「在……條件下」。

  I will go provided that you go.
  * "provided (that)" 意指「假使」。

  I will do so providing you agree.
  * "providing" 意指「假使」。

  Suppose she refuses, what shall we do?
  * "suppose" 意指「假使」。
  
Supposing he cannot come, who will do the work?
  * "supposing" 意指「假使」。

  You will fail unless you work harder.
  * "unless" 意指「除非」。
※ 根據條件副詞從句所表示的假設情況是否可能實現，可分以下幾種類型：

A. 表示假設情況有可能或很可能實現
         
句式：從句﹝if + 動詞現在式﹞ / 主句﹝will / may /… + 原型﹞

例如：
  If I have time, I will visit you.
  If it rains, bring me my umbrella.

B. 表示假設情況不可能實現並且跟現在的事實相反
         
句式：從句﹝if + 動詞過去式﹞ / 主句﹝would / should + 原型﹞
例如：

  If I had money, I should lend you some.
  ﹝如果我有錢【現在沒有】，我會借一些給你。﹞

  If I were a bird, I would fly to you at once.
  ﹝如果我是一隻鳥【現在不是】，我立刻飛到你那裡去。﹞

  If I were a king, you would be a queen.
  ﹝如果我是皇帝【現在不是】，你就是皇后。﹞

  If I knew English, I would talk with the American businessman.
  ﹝如果我懂英語【現在不懂】，我會跟那個美國商人商談。﹞

C. 假設情況不可能實現並且跟過去的事實相反

句式：從句﹝if + had + 過去分詞﹞ / 主句﹝would / should
       + have + 過去分詞﹞
例如：
         
  If you had reached the station earlier, you should have
  caught the train.
  ﹝如果你早些到達火車站【剛才沒有早到】，你應趕上那班火車。﹞

If I had seen him yesterday, I would have told him the news.
  ﹝如果我昨天見到他【昨天沒有見到】，我會告訴他這個消息。﹞


練習
翻譯

1. 當他昨天來時，我已完成我的功課。
2. 他無論住在哪裡，他都會快樂。
3. 我們不能去，因為現正下雨。
4. 這河水冰凍得很堅固，因此孩子能在上面行走。
5. 為了準時到達，他們提早出發。
6. 即使天氣很熱，我們必須外出。
7. 她微微一笑，好像看透了我的想法。
8. 事實勝於雄辯。
9. 假使你又失敗了，別灰心。
10. 如果你是皇帝，你會做什麼？

1. When he came yesterday, I had finished my homework.
2. Wherever he lives, he will be happy.
3. We cannot go as it rains now.
4. The river is frozen so hard that children can run on it.
5. They set out earlier that they might arrive in time.
6. Although it is very hot, yet we must go out.
7. She smiled as if she had read my thoughts.
8. Facts speak louder than words.
9. Supposing you fail again, don't get disappointed.
10. If you were a king, what would you do?

yan10

Lesson 37 : Comparison of Adjective

Comparison of Adjective
以前提及形容詞有不同的等級：

1. 原級 Positive Degree
2. 比較級 Comparative Degree
3. 最高級 Superlative Degree

現在看一些例子：
1. Your orange is sweet.
2. His orange is sweeter than yours.
3. My orange is the sweetest of all.

1. John's ball is large.
2. Harry's ball is larger than John's ball.
3. Peter's ball is the largest of all.

1. Charles is thin.
2. David is thinner than Charles.
3. Dick is the thinnest man in the town.

1. Mary is very pretty.
2. Susan is prettier than Mary.
3. Linda is the prettiest girl in our school.

1. Betty is very beautiful.
2. Clare is more beautiful than Betty.
3. Dora is the most beautiful girl in America.
  * "most" 既可表示「最高級」，亦可表示「非常」。例如：

      This is the most interesting novel.﹝最高級﹞
      This is a most interesting novel.﹝非常﹞

1. You are five years older than my sister.
2. Your car is older than mine.
  * "older / oldest" 表示「年紀較大」或「舊一些」；
    "elder /eldest"表示「長幼次序」。

1. My elder brother is a teacher.
2. My eldest son is a teacher.

1. He was later than I expected.
2. I have not heard the latest news.﹝我仍未聽聞最近的新聞。﹞
  * 表示時間的遲早：late → later → latest
    表示次序的先後：late → latter → last

  * "former" 與 "latter"相對，即「前者」與「後者」。
    Mr.Jones and Mr. Smith are next-door neighbors; the former
    is a policeman and the latter is a bank employee.

1. The latter chapters are very interesting.
  ﹝較後的篇章很有趣。﹞

2. The last chapter was written carelessly.
  ﹝最後一章寫得不小心。﹞

1. Your house is farther from school than mine.
  ﹝你的住宅離學校比我的更遠。﹞

2. Which village in England is the farthest from London?
  * 表示長度的距離，用 "farther"；表示時間、數量、程度的差距，
    用 "further"。但漸有全部用 "further" 的傾向。

  * "futher" 另有「進一步」的意思。例如：
     We must get further information.

1. Tom is the cleverest boy in the class.
2. Joseph is the oldest of all the persons in the hall.
  * 在某地中之最者，用 "in"；在某人群中之最者，用 "of"。

John is wiser than all the students in his class.
﹝約翰在班中較所有同學聰明。﹞

※ Logical mistake：John 亦是班中的分子，他怎能比自己聰明？
  應說：
1. John is wiser than all other students in his class. 或
2. John is wiser than any other student in his class.

  * "all" 用眾數；"any" 用單數。
The price of gold is higher than silver.
﹝金價比銀高。﹞

※ Logical mistake：金價不是比銀高，而是比銀價高。﹞
  應說：
1. The price of gold is higher than the price of silver.或
2. The price of gold is higher than that of silver.

William is taller than John, but George is taller still.
※ 兩者比較後，再與第三者比較，第三者更超前者，在比較級前或後
   加 "still"。

練習
翻譯

1. 今天的天氣比昨天冷嗎？
2. 知識比財富更好嗎？
3. 中國是世上最古老的國家嗎？
4. 這本書是所有英文文法書中最好的。
5. 我的好友比我大三歲。
6. 井水較河水清。
7. 這朵玫瑰花是園中最美麗的花嗎？
8. 他比我更不快樂。
9. 太陽比地球更大。
10. 她今天覺得比昨天更快樂。

1.  Is today's weather colder than yesterday's weather?
2. Is knowledge better than wealth?
3. Is China the oldest country in the world?
4. This is the best of all English grammar books.
5. My good friend is three years older than I.
6. The water in the well is cleaner than that in the river.
7. Is this rose most beautiful one in the garden?
8. He is more unhappy than I.
9. The sun is larger than the earth.
10. She feel happier today than yesterday.

yan10

Lesson 38 : Comparison of Adverb

Comparison of Adverb
除形容詞外，副詞亦可分三級：

1. 原級 Positive Degree
2. 比較級 Comparative Degree
3. 最高級 Superlative Degree

一般來說，副詞的原級變為比較級、最高級的方法，跟形容詞一樣。
但有些副詞變為比較級、最高級，是不規則的：
原級        比較級        最高級
well        better        best
badly        worse        worst
much        more        most
little        less        least
far        farther / futher        fathest / futhest

例如：
  1. Oliver ran fast in this race.
  2. Christopher ran faster than Oliver in this race.
  3. Joseph ran fastest of all in this race.

  1. Tom plays skillfully.
  2. Billy plays more skillfully than Tom.
  3. Jack plays most skillfully of all.

  1. Lily writes very well.
  2. Rose writes better than Lily.
  3. Nancy writes best of all.

  1. He comes oftener than I but you come oftenest.
  2. He comes more often than I but you come most often.
  * "often" 可加er / est 或用 more / most。
  
1. I know you better than he.﹝我比他更了解你。﹞
2. I know you better than him.﹝我了解你勝過了解他。﹞
  Tom played badly, Joseph played worse and Harry played worst.
  Eat less, drink less and sleep more.
※ "very" 和 "much" 都解作「非常」、「十分」或「很」。
   不論形容詞或副詞，形容原級，用 "very" ；形容比較級或
   最高級，用 "much"。

例如：
  1. He is a very wise man.
  2. He runs very quickly.
  3. This house is much larger than that house.
  4. He is the much cleverest boy of the four.
  5. He does his work much more quickly than I do.

但 "different" 例外，雖然是原級，但通常用 "much" 來形容。

例如：
      Your method is much different from me.
   
因為在形式上，"different" 雖為原級，但在意義上，卻有比較的意味。


練習
翻譯
1. 他做事較我快。
2. 你恨他比她更甚。
3. 我昨天比今天行遠些。
4. 昨天沒有人比你遲來。
5. 今天你的父親最早起床嗎？
6. 我的老師教英文文法比所有其他老師更好。
7. 這三個小孩中約翰跑得最快。
8. 她學習得比你勤力。
9. 他行得比蝸牛更慢嗎？
10. 中國士兵比世上任何其他國家的士兵更勇於戰鬥嗎？

1. He does things more quickly than I.
2. You hate him more than her.
3. I walked farther yesterday than today.
4. Nobody came later than you yesterday.
5. Has your father gotten up earliest today?
6. My teacher teaches English grammar better than all other teachers.
7. John runs fastest of these three children.
8. She studies more diligently than you.
9. Does he walk more slowly than a snail?
10. Do the soldiers of China fight more bravely than those of any other country in the world?

yan10

Lesson 39 : Infinitive

Finite Verb and Non-Finite Verb
在以前所介紹的五種英語基本句型中，各種句型的謂語動詞
都是「限定動詞」Finite Verb。

什麼是限定動詞？那是指受主語的身和數限制的動詞。
除了限定動詞外，還有「非限定動詞」Non-Finite Verb。

什麼是非限定動詞？那是指不受主語的身和數限制的動詞。

非限定動詞有三種：

  1. 不定詞 Infinitive
  2. 動名詞 Gerund
  3. 分詞 Participle

例如：
  I want to go.
  You want to go
  He wants to go.
  * "want" 是限定動詞，若主語是第三身單數，則要加 "s"；
    "to go" 是非限定動詞﹝不定詞﹞。

§ Infinitive and Infinitive Phrase 的功用
現在先介入不定詞 Infinitive。
不定詞的一般形態是： to + root form

例如：
         
  I go to swim.
  I go to school.
  * "to swim" 是不定詞；"to school" 不是。

不定詞可以有自己的賓語，亦可以被副詞修飾。
不定詞加上賓語或副詞所構成的短語，稱「不定詞短語」
Infinitive Phrase。

1. 作名詞
例如：
  To study English is very easy if you adopt an effective method.
  To smoke is a bad habit.
  I want to buy a dictionary.
  He wishes to be a doctor.
  Do you know how to speak German?
  Do you know where to go?
  To see is to believe.
  His business is to sell newspapers.

※ 不定詞可作為 but, except, about 這三個介詞後面的名詞
   並構成介詞短語。例如：
  She wants nothing but to marry.
  He knows nothing except to cry.
  
* 當不定詞可作為 but, except這兩個介詞後面的名詞並構成介詞短語時，
    "to"可隱藏。即：
    She wants nothing but marry.
    He knows nothing except cry.
  The child is about to cry.﹝這小孩將要哭。﹞
  The old man is about to die.﹝這老人將要死。﹞

2. 作形容詞
例如：
  Have you any rice to sell?
  He has no friends to help him.
  Has he no house to live in?

  *「原裝」：He has no house in which to live.
   「變裝」：He has no house which to live in.
   「簡裝」：He has no house to live in.

  The boy has no friends to play with.
  Her wish to become an actress has come true.
  He has raised his ability to listen, speak, read and write.

※ 在 "see", "watch", "notice", "observe", "hear", "feel',
   "let", "make" 等動詞後面的不定詞短語，"to"要隱藏。例如：
         
  Yesterday I saw him fly a kite.
  Did you hear a bird sing in the tree this morning?
  He let me drink it.﹝他讓我喝。﹞
  He made me drink it.﹝他逼我喝。﹞

3. 作副詞
例如：
  I shall go to America to learn engineering tomorrow.
  Those days have gone never to turn.
  I am sorry to strike you.
  I am glad to inform you that you have passed the examination.
  She is too young to marry.
  His income is too small to support his family.
  John is old enough to go to school.
  * "enough" 放在所形容的詞後面。

* 不定詞短語所形容的副詞只有"too" 和 "enough"。
  It is a good idea, to be sure!

  * 不定詞短語 "to be sure" 形容整個句子 "to be sure"。
  To tell you the truth, I love her very much.

§ 不定詞的時態與語態
不定詞本身可以有不同的時態和語態。現以 "do" 為例表列如下：

*        主動語態        被動語態
一般時態        to do        to be done
完成時態        to have done        to have been done
進行時態        to be doing        /

※ 不定詞一般時態所表示的動作變化與謂語動詞所表示的動作變化
   可以同時發生，或者在謂語動詞所表示的動作變化之後發生。

※ 不定詞完成時態所表示的動作變化在謂語動詞所表示的動作變化
   之前發生。

1. I want to love her.﹝我想去愛她。﹞
2. I want to have loved her.﹝我想已愛上了她。﹞
1. He seems to be sick.﹝他似乎有病。﹞
2. He seems to have been sick.﹝他似乎曾經病過。﹞

※ 當謂語動詞所表示的動作變化發生時，若不定詞所表示的動作變化
   正在進行，則不定詞要用進行時態。

  They seem to be talking about something important.
  ﹝他們似乎正在談論某些重要的事情。﹞

  She asked to be sent to that department.
  ﹝她請求被派到那個部門。﹞

  I feel happy to have been asked to speak here.
  ﹝我感到高興被邀請到這裡講話。﹞

練習
翻譯

1. 他有很多書可讀。
2. 我懊悔如此說了。
3. 辦學不容易。
4. 我看見一隻黑貓捕捉一隻大老鼠。
5. 你知道如何駕駛汽車嗎？
6. 你妹妹喜歡玩風琴嗎？
7. 我太疲倦不能多行一哩。
8. 你母親想買多少橙和蘋果？
9. 我看見他起床。
10. 除掃地外，他一無所能。


1. He has many books to read.
2. I regret to have said so.
3. To run a school is not easy.
4. I see a black cat catch a big mouse.
5. Do you know how to drive a car?
6. Does your sister like to play an organ?
7. I am too tired to walk another mile.
8. How many oranges and apples does your mother want to buy?
9. I see him get up.
10. He can do nothing but sweep.

yan10

Lesson 40 : Some Uses of Infinitive

Some Uses of Infinitive
不定詞或不定詞短語跟某些單詞連用，有特殊的意義。

1. 表示「能夠」
   
    形態：be + able + infinitive

例如：
  I can speak English.
  I am able to speak English.
  I cannot speak English.
  I am not able to speak English.
  I am unable to speak English.
  I could speak English last year.
  I was able to speak English last year.
  I could not speak English last year.
  I was not able to speak English last year.
  I was unable to speak English last year.

※ "can + root form" 和 "could + root form" 只能表示

   一般現在時態及一般過去時態，其他時態就不能表示了。
   若要表示，就要用 "be + able + infinitive"。例如：
         
  When shall I be able to speak English?
  You will be able to speak English next year.
  Has your baby been able to walk by himself now?

2. 表示「必須」
         
    形態：have + infinitive

例如：
  You must go.
  You have to go.

  * "have to" 好比 "must"。

※ "must + root form" 只能表示一般現在時態及一般過去時態，
   其他時態就不能表示了。
   若要表示，就要用 "have + to + infinitive"。

例如：
  You had to go to school yesterday.
  * "had to" 好比 "must" 的一般過去時態。

  You will have to serve in the army next year.
  You have had to go to school now. Why are you still
  playing ball here?

  * "have had to" 表示現在完成時態。

3. 表示「從﹝何處﹞做﹝什麼﹞回來」
         
    形態：have been + to (place) + infinitive

例如：

  I have been to Kowloon Bay to visit my grandmother.
  ﹝我從九龍灣探訪我的祖母回來。﹞

  I have been to the airport to see my friend off.
  ﹝我從機場送我朋友的機回來。﹞

4. 表示「安排好的將來」
         
    形態：be + infinitive

例如：
  I am to go to the movies tonight.
  We are to be married in May.

5. 表示「快將發生的將來」

    形態：be + going + infinitive

例如：
  It is going to rain soon.
  He is going to leave tomorrow.

6. 表示「即將發生的將來」
         
    形態：be + about + infinitive

例如：

  The plane is about to start.
  I am about to resign my position.

  * "be going to" 和 "be about to" 都有「快將」或「即將」之意。
    前者較口語，多用於日常會話中；後者較文言，多用於文章中。

※ 表示「將來」的說法有多種：

1. I study English tomorrow.
    ﹝用 Simple Present Tense加上表示將來的副詞表示。﹞

2. I shall study English.
    ﹝表示純粹的將來。﹞

3. I will study English.
    ﹝表示「主角意願」的將來。﹞

4. I am to study English.
    ﹝表示安排好的將來。﹞

5. I am going to study English.
    ﹝表示快將發生的將來。﹞

6. I am about to study English.
    ﹝表示即將發生的將來。﹞

練習
翻譯

1. 你的弟能繪畫嗎？
2. 你必須學習英文文法。
3. 我安排明年赴美國學習數學。
4. 你十六歲那年，你必須供養你的妹妹嗎？
5. 我昨天不能幫助你，但今天我能幫助你了。
6. 他的兒子明年能夠寫流暢的信了。
7. 因為我病了，你必須立刻通知他們我不能去了。
8. 他的父親快將起程赴星加坡。
9. 他即將探訪他的姑媽嗎？
10. 我從書局買了一些書回來。


1. Is your younger brother able to draw a picture?
2. You have to learn English grammar.
3. I am to go to America to learn mathematics next year.
4. Had you to support your sister when you were sixteen years old?
5. I was unable to help you yesterday but I am able to help you today.
6. His son will be able to write a fluent letter next year.
7. You have immediately to inform them that I am unable to go because I am sick.
8. His father is going to go Singrpore.
9. Is he about to visit his aunt?
10. I have been to the bookshop to buy some books.

yan10

Lesson 41 : Verbal Noun

Verbal Noun 的功用

在未介紹 Gerund﹝動名詞﹞之前，先介紹 Verbal Noun
﹝由動詞變成的名詞﹞。有些文法學者把 Verbal Noun 歸入
Gerund 中。
什麼是 Verbal Noun？
由動詞的 root form + ing 構成。這類詞己失去動詞的特性，

只是「名詞」。
※ Verbal Noun可作句子中的主語、賓語或主語補語
         
例如：
  To smoke is a bad habit.
  Smoking is a bad habit.﹝作主語﹞

  Do you like to smoke?
  Do you like smoking?﹝作賓語﹞

  We stopped to talk.﹝我們停止其事情而去談話。﹞
  We stopped talking.﹝我們停止談話。﹞﹝作賓語﹞

  To see is to believe.
  Seeing is believing.﹝作主語、主語補語﹞

§ Verbal Noun 的名詞特性

1. Verbal Noun 前面可加冠詞
         
  例如：
  The hunting of tigers is very dangerous.
  * 加 "the" ，特指那種狩獵。

  I like the drinking of wine.
  His business is the selling of oranges.

2. 不定詞只能放在 but, except, about三個介詞後面構成
    介詞短語，但 Verbal Noun 可放在任一個介詞後面構成
    介詞短語。
         
  例如：
  Are you fond of sleeping?
  John is punished for cheating.
  We must be good at learning.

3. Verbal Noun 可被形容詞修飾
         
  例如：
  The work needs careful planning.
  Thank you for your coming.

4. 在 Verbal Noun 前可加所有格

  例如：
  Are you afraid of your teacher's coming?
  Does your parents' coming make you happy?

練習
翻譯
        
1. 寢時和食時都不可談話。
2. 求乞對任何人都是不快樂的。
3. 閱讀小說能增長智慧。
4. 講話比實行容易。
5. 讀和寫是人人必須的。
6. 她知道他喜歡吸煙嗎？
7. 那工人終日工作沒有休息。
8. 沒有人相信他的惡習是飲酒。
9. 狗吠聲在遠處也能聽聞。
10. 我的弟弟喜歡騎馬。
1. Don't talk in the time of sleeping and eating.
2. Begging is unhappy to anybody.
3. The reading of novels increases wisdom.
4. Talking is easier than doing.
5. Reading and writing are necessary to everyone.
6. Does she know that he likes smoking?
7. That worker works all day without resting.
8. No one believes his bad habit is the drinking of wine.
9. The barking of a dog can be heard from a long distance.
10. My brother likes the riding of a horse.

yan10

Lesson 42 : Gerund

Gerund and Gerund Phrase 的功用

以前提及非限制動詞有三種：

1. 不定詞 Infinitive
2. 動名詞 Gerund
3. 分詞 Participle

現在介紹第二種。
什麼是動名詞 Gerund？
動名詞由動詞的 root form + ing 構成。這類詞既有動詞的特性，
亦有名詞的特性。

此外，動名詞加賓語或修飾語，構成動名詞短語 Gerund Phrase。

1. 作主語

例如：
  To hunt tigers is very dangerous.﹝ㄘw詞短語﹞
  The hunting of tigers is very dangerous.﹝Verbal Noun﹞
  Hunting tigers is very dangerous.﹝動名詞短語﹞
  Driving a motorcar requires skill.
  Speaking rudely is wrong.

  * "rudely" 是副詞，不修飾名詞，只修飾動詞，故 "Speaking" 是 Gerund，
    不是 Verbal Noun。

  There is no stopping him.﹝無法阻止他。﹞
  There is no denying this.﹝這是無法否認的。﹞

2. 作賓語

例如：
  I like drinking tea.
  We enjoy playing table-tennis.

3. 作補語
例如：
  His bad habit is drinking wine.
  My hobby is collecting stamps.
  Our aim is mastering English in the shortest possible time.

4. 放在介詞後面構成介詞短語

例如：

John has a bad habit of spitting everywhere.
  * "everywhere" 是副詞，不修飾名詞，只修飾動詞。

  You cannot hope to learn a foreign language well without
  making efforts.

※ 有些動詞後面只能以 Verbal Noun 或 Gerund 作賓語，
   而不能以 Infinitive 作賓語。

例如：
  You can hardly avoid meeting her if you both work in the same office.
  I have finished reading a book.
  He suggested reading the instructions first.
  Would you mind opening the window?
  You should practice writing English regularly.
  He denied knowing anything about their plans.
  We missed seeing that film when it was at the local cinema.
  They couldn't help laughing.
  We are considering going to America.

§ 動名詞的時態和語態

動名詞本身可以有不同的時態和語態。現以 "do" 為例表列如下：
*        主動語態        被動語態
一般時態        doing        being done
完成時態        having done        having been done

※ 動名詞的一般時態所表示的動作變化在時間上可以不確定，
   或者可與謂語動詞所表示的動作變化可以同時發生。

※ 動名詞的完成時態所表示的動作變化在謂語動詞所表示的
   動作變化之前發生。

  I hate disturbing people in their work.
  ﹝我不喜歡在人家工作時打擾他人。﹞

  I hate being disturbed in my work.
  ﹝我不喜歡在我工作時被他人打擾。﹞

  Being taught by a good teacher is a blessing.
  She did the work without being asked.
  I recall having met him somewhere.
  I remember having seen the film.
  After having finished his lessons, he went home.
  He denied having been warned of the danger.
  She denied having been told about the news.

練習
翻譯

1. 月下談天甚為愉快。
2. 你的妹妹很喜歡吹口琴嗎？
3. 玩足球是一種好運動。
4. 卜者以糊說為生嗎？
5. 這孩子喜歡吃蘋果嗎？
6. 我很多謝你為我做這件事。
7. 我的哥哥禁止我吸煙。
8. 印這本書的價錢多少？
9. 順從父母是我們的責任嗎？
10. 我喜歡閱讀小說。
1. Chatting under the moon is very pleasant.
2. Is your sister fond of whistling harmonica?
3. Playing football is a good sport.
4. Do futune tellers make their living by talking nonsense?
5. Does this child like eating apples?
6. Thank you very much for doing this thing for me.
7. My brother prohibits me from smoking.
8. How much does it cost pressing this book?
9. Is obeying our parents our duties?
10. I like reading novels.

yan10

Lesson 43 : Verbal Adjective

Present Verbal Adjective and Past Verbal Adjective

在未介紹 Participle 之前，先介紹 Verbal Adjective
﹝由動詞變成的形容詞﹞。

什麼是Verbal Adjective？
即是動詞的現在分詞或過去分詞。不過，這類詞已失去動詞的特性，
只具形容詞的特性。

Verbal Adjective 有兩種：

1. Present Verbal Adjective
    即動詞的現在分詞當作形容詞來使用；帶有「現在」及「主動」
    的含意。

2. Past Verbal Adjective
    即動詞的過去分詞當作形容詞來使用；帶有「過去」及「被動」
    的含意。

§ Verbal Adjective 的功用

1. 形容主語

例如：
  Those flying birds are eagles.
  A rolling stone gathers no moss.﹝滾石不生苔【常轉業不利】。﹞
  A burnt child dreads fire.﹝被燒過的小孩怕火。﹞
  The used key is always bright.﹝流水不腐。﹞

2. 形容賓語

例如：
  
Sweep the falling leaves.﹝掃那些正在落下的葉子。﹞
  ※ 上句的意思不通，正在落下怎麼掃呢？應說：

Sweep the fallen leaves.﹝掃那些已落下的葉子。﹞

We drink boiled water, we don't drink boiling water.
  ﹝我們喝己沸騰的水，不喝正在沸騰的水。﹞
  
We repaired the broken window.

3. 作主語補語

例如：
  His argument is very convincing.
  The situation was very puzzling.
  The baby seems worried.
  She looked delighted.

4. 作賓語補語

例如：

  He wants his eggs fried.
  He keeps me waiting.﹝他使我等候。﹞
  His words set me thinking.﹝他的話使我思考。﹞
  Can you smell something burning?
  I had my hair cut.﹝我理了髮。﹞

5. 作擬似補語

例如：

  John comes running.﹝約翰走著來。﹞
  * "comes" 是完意不及物動詞；"running" 是 Pseudo Complement。

  She sat smiling.
  * "smiling" 是 Pseudo Complement。

練習
翻譯

1. 落日紅如火。
2. 游泳的男孩是你的弟弟嗎？
3. 那些飛鳥不是燕子嗎？
4. 你認識那個正在唱歌的女孩嗎？
5. 她拾得一顆發光的珠。
6. 你昨天行過他的門前時看見他進食嗎？
7. 這些是敗兵。
8. 你已尋回那把破爛的傘嗎？
9. 我校附近有一條流動的小溪。
10. 那鳥兒在天空飛著唱歌。

1. The setting sun is as red as fire.
2. Is the swimming boy your brother?
3. Are those flying birds not swallows?
4. Do you know that singing girl?
5. She picks a shining pearl.
6. Did you see him eating when you passed by his door?
7. These are defeated soldiers.
8. Have you found that broken umbrella?
9. There is a running brook near my school.
10. That flying bird sings in the sky.

yan10

Lesson 44 : Participle

Present Participle & Past Participle

以前提及非限制動詞有三種：

1. 不定詞 Infinitive
2. 動名詞 Gerund
3. 分詞 Participle

現在介紹第三種。
什麼是分詞 Participle？

分詞即是動詞的現在分詞或過去分詞。這類詞有動詞、形容詞以及
副詞的特性。

此外，分詞加上賓語或修飾語，構成分詞短語 Participle Phrase。

分詞有兩種：

1. Present Participle 現在分詞有不同的時態和語態。

2. Past Participle 過去分詞沒有不同時態和只有被動語態。

現以 "do" 為例表列如下：

*        *        主動語態        被動語態
present participle        一般時態         doing        being done
        完成時態         having done        having been done
past participle        /        /        done

※ 現在分詞的一般時態所表示的動作變化，與謂語動詞所表示的
   動作變化同時發生。

※ 現在分詞的完成時態所表示的動作變化，通常在謂語動詞所表
   示的動作變化之前發生。

※ 過去分詞所表示的動作變化，在謂語動詞所表示的動作變化之
   前發生。

例如：
  Hearing the noise, the boy woke up.
  The girls playing volleyball are my classmates.
  Being dissatisfied, he resigned his position.
  The carpenter, making a desk, is this boy's father.
  I saw him holding two books in his hand yesterday.
  We walked on the way feeling thirsty and eating fruit.

  * "feeling thirsty" 及 "eating fruit" 是 "Pseudo Complement"。
  Generally speaking, man is stronger than woman

  * "Generally speaking" 作副詞。
  Strictly speaking, they are different.
  The questions being discussed are very important.
  Being suddenly seized with an illness, he was unable
  to come to deliver his lecture.
  Having promised him, you should keep your word.
  Having made the first point clear, the teacher explained
  the second.
  Having been told about the good news, she was very happy.
  Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver
  our letters unless we chained our dog up.
  Books read in childhood seem like old friends.
  Driven by hunger, he stole a piece of bread.
  The old man, broken with age, hobbled along.
  Deceived by his friend, he lost all hope.

※ 某些動詞﹝例如：see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel,
   listen to,let, make 等﹞後面，可以用 Present Participle
   作賓語補語，亦可以用 Infinitive with "to" 作賓語補語，但
   兩者所表達的意思不同：前者表示動作變正在進行；後者表示動
   作變化已經完成。例如：

I saw him crossing the road.﹝我看見他正在橫過馬路。﹞
  I saw him cross the road.﹝我看見他已橫過馬路。﹞


練習
翻譯

1. 我看見一個小孩在河中游泳。
2. 他昨天開門看見一個女孩在街上放風箏。
3. 他低頭思故鄉。
4. 那個律師坐在房中吸煙。
5. 你曾看見一個老乞丐挨戶求乞嗎？
6. 這個獵人從樹上跌下來扯破了褲子。
7. 我叔父給我一個法國製造的手錶。
8. 這是我從圖書館借來的書。
9. 今天在學校學習的課程很有趣。
10. 約翰所寫的英文文法書銷路很廣。
1. I see a child swimming in the river.
2. He, opening the door, saw a girl flying a kite in the street yesterday.
3. He, lowering his head, thinks of his country.
4. That lawyer sits in the room smoking.
5. Do you see an old beggar begging from door to door?
6. This hunter, falling from a tree, tore his trousers.
7. My uncle gives me a watch made in France.
8. These are books borrowed from the library by me.
9. The lesson learned in the school today is very interesting.
10. The grammar books written by John have a wide sale.

yan10

Lesson 45 : Conjunction

Coordinate Conjunction

英文單詞可分十類，其中一類是連詞 Conjunction。

什麼是連詞？

連接單詞與單詞、短語與短語或句子與句子的詞。

根據所連接的項目是否「平等」，連詞可分兩種：

1. 對等連詞 Coordinate Conjunction
    例如：and, or, but, as well as, not only...but also,...

2. 從屬連詞 Subordinate Conjunction
    例如：because, if, after, before, as soon as,...

現在介紹對等連詞。

1. not only...but (also)...
"not only Ａ but also Ｂ"

意思是：不但 Ａ，而且 Ｂ。

※ (1) Ａ與Ｂ所用的詞要同一類型；
   (2) 著重Ｂ。

例如：

  He is not only brave but also wise.

  The thief not only stole her money but also her jewels.
  
  錯！因為Ａ與Ｂ所用的詞不同類型！
  應改為：
  
  The thief stole not only her money but also her jewels.

  The robber not only killed his wife but also took his
  money.

  有毛病！照常理，「殺妻子」比「取金錢」更重要！
  應改為：

  The robber not only took his money but also killed his
  wife.

2. both...and...
"both Ａ and Ｂ"

意思是：Ａ 並且 Ｂ。

※ (1) Ａ與Ｂ要同一類型；
   (2) 同樣著重Ａ及Ｂ；
   (3) 單單 "and" 本已足夠，"both" 加強語氣。

例如：

  We both love and honor him.

  Both you and I are students.

  He is both a soldier and a poet.

3. as well as
"Ａ as well as Ｂ"

意思是：除了 Ｂ，還有 Ａ。

※ (1) Ａ與Ｂ要同一類型；
   (2) 著重Ａ；
   (3) 動詞以Ａ為準。

例如：

  John as well as you is my bosom friend.

  He gave me advice as well as money.

  The teacher as well as students wants a holiday.

4. either...or...
"either Ａ or Ｂ"

意思是：不是 Ａ，就是 Ｂ。

※ (1) Ａ與Ｂ要同一類型；
   (2) 著重Ｂ；
   (3) 動詞以Ｂ為準。

例如：
  Either you or he is a thief.

  Either come in or go out.

  He is either sick or lazy.

5. neither...nor...
"neither Ａ or Ｂ"

意思是：既不是 Ａ，亦不是 Ｂ。

※ (1) Ａ與Ｂ要同一類型；
   (2) 著重Ｂ；
   (3) 動詞以Ｂ為準。

例如：

  Neither I nor he knows it.

  He neither knows nor cares what happened.

  He liked neither this one nor that one.

6. whether...or...
"whether Ａ or Ｂ"

意思是：或者Ａ，或者Ｂ。

※ (1) Ａ與Ｂ不必定要同一類型；
   (2) 同樣著重Ａ及Ｂ。

例如：
  I wonder whether we shall be in time for the last bus
  or we shall have to walk home.

  I do not care whether you go or stay.

  Tell me whether he is at home or at the office.

練習
翻譯：

1. 她既愛他又恨他。
2. 他不是日本人，就是中國人。
3. 他既不飲酒亦不抽煙。
4. 你和我都不能做這件事。
5. 她除了能說英語還能說法語。
6. 他和她都死了。
7. 你和我都不快樂。
8. 不管成功或失敗，他都必須盡力而為。
9. 約翰和湯姆同樣愛上瑪麗。
10. 她不但美麗而且聰明。
1. She both loves him and hates him.
2. He is either Japanese or Chinese.
3. He neither drinks nor smokes.  
4. Neither you nor I can do this thing.
5. She can speak French as well as English.
6. Both he and she are dead.
7. Neither you nor I am happy.
8. Whether he succeeds or fails, he has to do his best.
9. Both John and Tom love Mary.
10. She is not only beautiful but also clever.

yan10

Lesson 46 : Imperative Mood

Imperative Mood

除了可以從「時態」或「語態」方面研究英文動詞外，還可以
從「語氣」方面進行研究。

英文動詞的語氣可分三種：
         
1. 直陳語氣 Indicative Mood
    表示動詞所描述的動作變是事實或是可能發生的事實。

2. 虛擬語氣 Subjunctive Mood
    表示動詞所描述的動作變只是願望或想像，並非事實或
    可能發生的事實。

3. 祈使語氣 Imperative Mood
    表示動詞所傳達的只是命令、請求、勸告或禁令等。

現在探討祈使語氣。

1. 當動詞使用祈使語氣時，句中的主語鼎僕丰h。

例如：
  Stop!
  Come in.

2. 如果要提及主語，多放在句子後面。

例如：

  Eat your dinner, Tom.
  Run, Mary!

3. 不使用 "am / are / is" ，只使用 "be"。

例如：
  Be careful.
  Be quiet, Tom!

4. 否定句可用 "don't" 開始。

例如：
  Don't be fussy.﹝不要大驚小怪。﹞
  Don't stand near the door!

5. 否定句亦可使用 "never" 開始。
例如：
  Never tell a black lie!
  * "black lie" 指惡意的謊言； "white lie" 指善意的謊言。
  Never fear!

6. 否定句也可以使用 "No + Noun" 表示。

例如：

  No smoking.
  * "smoking" 是 Verbal Noun。
  No exit.

7. 肯定句前加 "do"，可加強語氣。
例如：
  Remember me.
  Remember me!
  Do remember me!
  Do be diligent!

8. 動詞可用被動語態。

例如：
  Be advised by your teacher!
  Do be directed by me!﹝聽我指示！﹞

9. 加 "please" 比較有禮貌。

例如：
  Bring me a cup of tea.
  Please bring me a cup of tea.
  Sit down, please.
  * "please" 放句前，不用加 "，"；放句後，要加。

10. 使用疑問句，更有禮貌。

例如：
  Would you count your change?
  Could you please show me the way to City Hall?
  Would you mind signing this form?
  Why don't you buy this book?

11. 如果祈使的對象是第三者或包括自己在內，則用 "let"。

例如：
  Let us go!
  Let him do that!
  Live and let live!﹝和平共處！﹞
  Don't let us do that!

練習
翻譯：

1. 如果你感到口渴，請喝茶吧。
2. 請他們去看電影。
3. 不可說謊！
4. 行快些，否則你將遲到。
5. 請借三元給我。
6. 告訴瑪麗我決定下個月離開香港。
7. 去見我父親並告訴他我已完成我的功課。
8. 請站在這裡直至李先生來。
9. 給我那些紅皮面的書。
10. 不要玩火！
1. Please drink tea if you feel thirsty.
2. Invite them to go to the movie.
3. Don't tell a lie!
4. Walk quickly, otherwise you will be late.
5. Please lend me three dollars.
6. Tell Mary that I will leave Hong Kong next month.
7. Go and see my father and tell him that I have finished my lesson.
8. Please stand here till Mr. Lee comes.
9. Give me those red-covered books.
10. Don't play with fire!

yan10

Lesson 47 : Some Uses of "It"

Some Uses of "It"

現在介紹 "It" 這個單詞的某些用法。

1. Impersonal "It" ﹝非人稱的 "It"﹞
  "It" 除了可以用來表示具體的事物外，還可以用來表示天氣、
  天色、時間、距離以及一些模糊、籠統的情況。譯為中文時，
  往往不用譯出。

(a) 表示「天氣」、「天色」

例如：
  It is very cold today.﹝今天很冷。﹞
  It is rather cold now.﹝現在有點兒冷。﹞
  How dark it is! ﹝很黑啊！﹞

(b) 表示「時間」、「日期」

例如：

  It is two o'clock.﹝現在兩點鐘。﹞
  It is five years since I saw you last.
  ﹝自上次見你至今已五年了。﹞

  It is a month to Chinese New Year's day.
  ﹝距農曆元旦還有一個月。﹞

(c) 表示「距離」、「長度」

例如：

  It is five miles to the school.﹝離學校還有五哩。﹞
  It is only a short way now.﹝現在沒多遠了。﹞
  Is it very far from here to the station?
  ﹝從這裡到車站很遠嗎？﹞

(d) 表示「模糊、籠統的情況」

例如：
  That is it! ﹝對啦！﹞
  Now you will catch it! ﹝現在你倒霉了！﹞
  It cannot be helped.﹝沒有辦法了。﹞

2. Expletive "It" ﹝填補的 "It"﹞
  這種 "It" 作為句子中的「形式主語」或「形式賓語」，
  代表後面的「真正主語」或「真正賓語」。

例如：

  It is dangerous to play with fire.
  * "It" 代表後面的 "to play with fire" (Infinitive Phrase)。

  It is childish to say such things.
  * "It" 代表後面的 "to say such things" (Infinitive Phrase)。

  It is difficult to make a decision without knowing all
  the facts.
  * "It" 代表後面的 "to make a decision without knowing all
    the facts" (Infinitive Phrase)。

  It is so nice sitting here with you.
  * "It" 代表後面的 "sitting here with you" (Gerund Phrase)。

  It is not worthwhile losing your temper.
  * "It" 代表後面的 "losing your temper" (Gerund Phrase)。

  It is no good talking to him.
  * "It" 代表後面的 "talking to him" (Gerund Phrase)。

  It is strange that you did such a thing.
  * "It" 代表後面的 "that you did such a thing" (Noun Clause)。

  Is it possible that she will come here tomorrow?
  * "It" 代表後面的 "that she will come here tomorrow" (Noun Clause)。

  It is not clear who is the oldest of the three.
  * "It" 代表後面的 "who is the oldest of the three" (Noun Clause)。

  We think it dangerous to play with fire.
  * "It" 代表後面的 "to play with fire" (Infinitive Phrase)。

  We consider it useless learning a theory without practice.
  * "It" 代表後面的 "learning a theory without practice"(Gerund Phrase)。

  I think it a pity that he did not study hard.
  * "It" 代表後面的 "that he did not study hard" (Noun Clause)。

3. Emphatic "It" ﹝增勢的 "It"﹞
  這種 "It" 可強調句子中的某些成份。

例如：

  I saw your teacher yesterday.

(a) 強調賓語 "your teacher"

  It was your teacher that I saw yesterday.

(b) 強調主語 "I"

  It was I that saw your teacher yesterday.

(c) 強調副詞 "yesterday"

  It was yesterday that I saw your teacher.
  I am in power.﹝我是當權的。﹞

  若強調「我」，可寫成：

  It is I that am in power.
  * "that" 後的動詞以主語補語作準，而不以主語作準。

  Shower and dew make the grass grow.
         
  若強調「陣雨和露珠」，可寫成：
  
  It is shower and dew that make the grass grow.

練習
翻譯：

1. 你整天留在屋內，因此你不知道今天有雲。
2. 昨天他探訪我時，是二時三十分。
3. 因為天漸黑了，我希望快完成它。
4. 市場距離你工作的地方五哩嗎？
5. 他明天往馬來西亞購買樹膠是不真確的。
6. 我表弟考試及格是幸運的。
7. 晨早在花間散步是很愉快的。
8. 盡力而為是我的責任。
9. 已教約翰英文五年的人正是我弟的老師。
10. 我昨天正於此買了一本書。
1. You stay in the room all day so that you do not know it is cloudy.
2. It was half past two when he came to visit me yesterday.
3. I hope to finish it soon because it is getting dark.
4. Is it five miles from your working place to the market?
5. It is not true that he will go to Malaya to buy rubber tomorrow.
6. It is lucky that my cousin has passed the examination.
7. It is pleasant to walk among the flowers in the morning.
8. It is my duty to try my best.
9. It is my brother's teacher that has taught John English for five years.
10. It is here that I bought a book yesterday.

yan10

Lesson 48 : Cognate Object

Cognate Object

有一種賓語稱為「同源賓語」Cognate Object。
什麼是同源賓語？

跟動詞的詞形或詞義相同的賓語。

例如：
  He laughed a scornful laugh to him.
  * "laugh" 是不及物動詞，要加 "at" 才可有賓語，但用同源賓語
    則不用加 "at"。

  The old man sighed a heavy sigh.
  They ran a long race.
  She lived a happy life.
  He smiled a foolish smile.
  He died an untimely death.
  That sick beggar breathes his last (breath).

  * 被最高級形容詞形容的名詞可以隱藏。

  The commander-in-chief shouted his loudest (shout).
  Do your best (doing).
  Try your best (trial).
  I dreamed a strange dream.
  He has fought a good fight.
  We must think good thoughts.
  She has sung a good song.
  The wind is blowing a gale.
  I struck a hard blow.
  The bells rang a welcoming peal.
  He told the children a tale yesterday.

練習
翻譯：

1. 那病乞丐命在旦夕。
2. 他的父親死於非命。
3. 約翰快樂過一生。
4. 窮人渡日為艱。
5. 那老人徐步而行。
6. 她唱她最好的歌，雖然她膽怯。
7. 總統到達時，各廟堂的鐘皆鳴起歡迎之音。
8. 昨天你到家時正吹著疾風嗎？
9. 他笑了愉快的一笑。
10. 那個乞丐死得很慘嗎？
1. That sick beggar breathes his last soon.
2. His father died an umtimely death.
3. John lived a happy life.
4. The poor live hard lives.
5. That old man walks a slow pace.
6. She sings her best though she is timid.
7. When the president arrives, the bells of all temples ring a welcoming peal.
8. Did the wind blow a gale when you reached your home yesterday?
9. He smiles a very pleasant smile.
10. Did that beggar die a dog's death?

Appositive

什麼是同位語 Appositive？
通常放在名詞或代名詞後面，用來對該名詞或代名詞作補充說明的
單詞、短語或從句。同位語與有關的名詞或代名詞有同等的地位。

例如：

  This man, a lawyer, lives near my house.
  We, young people, should do our duties.
  Do you betray Mr. Morgan, your bosom friend?
  I bought a dictionary, a red-covered one.
  I cannot see my grandfather again, a regretful thing.

  * "regretful thing" 是前面整個句子的同位語。

  The news, that Mr. Wilson has come to Hong Kong, is untrue.
  Let us three go together.

  * "three" 是同位語。一般為了眉目清楚，同位語與先前的名詞或代名詞
    多用逗號隔開，但有時為了語氣銜暢，則可不用逗號隔開。

  The story that he is in love with her is going round.
  * "that he is in love with her" 是同位語。若無需特別彰顯同位語的意思，亦可不用逗號隔開。

練習
翻譯：

1. 李先生，一位名醫，時常幫助窮人。
2. 這本書，一本英文字典，價錢太貴了。
3. 他將送給我一隻貓，黑白相間的。
4. 他不能升學，一件遺憾的事。
5. 那消息，約翰與瑪麗已結婚，是不真確的。
6. 他的話，人生如夢，是真的。
7. 他，一個懶惰的孩子，為什麼應被讚許？
8. 我用了二十元買一本書，陳先生撰寫的。
9. 約翰，湯姆的好友，是一個商人。
10. 瑪麗，我的妹妹，有一部新車。