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分享英文的各種Grammar。。。。。。

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 楼主| 发表于 1-7-2007 09:23 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 15 : Possessive Noun

Possessive Noun


所謂「格」,是指身份或資格。
名詞有三種格:主格、賓格和所有格。主格和賓格合稱「常格」。
         
例如:

主格        賓格        所有格
boy        boy        boy's
John        John        John's

所有格名詞是一種很特別的名詞,既有名詞的功能,可被
形容詞修飾;亦有形容詞的功能,可修飾名詞。

形成所有格名詞的方法:

1. 通常,指稱人或動物的名詞表示所有關係時:

(1) 在單數名詞後加 's (apostrophe s)。
         
例如:
         
  That girl's father is a driver.

  *"girl's"是所有格名詞,既可被"that"形容,亦可形容"father"。

  * 其他例子:the man's job, a child's voice, the horse's mouth。

(2) 在以"s"收尾的複數名詞後加 ' (apostrophe)。
         
例如:
        
  These dogs' tails are short.

  *"dogs'"是所有格名詞,既可被"these"形容,亦可形容"tails"。

  * 其他例子:a girls' school, the workers' tools,
    the eagles' nest。

(3) 在不以"s"收尾的複數名詞後加 's (apostrophe s)。
         
例如:
         
  The children's mother is a kind woman.

  * 其他例子:women's dresses, men's suits。

2. 通常,指稱非生物的名詞要與 of 構成短語來表示所有關係。
怎樣翻譯以下的句子:這桌子的腳很長。

  The table's legs are long.

錯了!因為table是非生物,通常不用's,而用of。

應翻譯為:The legs of the table are long.

3. 但有時為了修辭目的,本來應該用 of,亦可用's來表示。
例如:
         
  This is my sister's husband's brother's car.

讀起來有點不順暢,可寫成:
  
  This is the car of the brother of my sister's husband.

4. 指稱「時間、長度、重量、價格」的名詞,要用 's來表示
   所有關係。

例如:
        
  Today's lesson is very interesting.

  The baby can walk for two feet's distance.

  He is a man of sixty kilograms' weight.

  I buy five dollars' worth of sugar.

5. 被修飾的名詞如果是學校、教堂、房屋或店舖,則通常略去
   那些名詞。

例如:
         
  You study at St. Paul's.

  *"St."是"Saint"的簡稱。

  *St. Paul's 是指 St. Paul's school。

  They go to St. John's.

  *St. John's 是指 St. John's church。

  I run to my uncle's.

  *my uncle's 是指 my uncle's house。

  We met him at the barber's.

  *the barber's 是指 the barber's shop。

This is Mary's portrait.

以上的句子有兩解:

一、這是瑪莉本人的肖像畫;

二、這是瑪莉擁有的肖像畫。

為了避免混淆,第一解可寫成:

  This is a portrait of Mary.
第解二可寫成:

  This is a portrait of Mary's.

練習
翻譯:
        
1. 這個小孩是那個老人的兒子嗎?Is this child that old man's son?
2. 今天的功課很難。Today's lesson is very difficult?
3. 那幢黃色的建築物是你的弟弟的學校嗎?Is that yellow building your brother's school?
4. 她哥哥的同學在花園中歌唱。Her brother's classmate sings in the garden.
5. 這隻狗的腿長,但那隻狗的腿短。This dog's legs are long but that dog's, short.
6. 這些女孩的眼睛是藍色的。These girls' eyes are blue.
7. 你預備明天的功課嗎?Do you prepare tomorrow's lesson?
8. 約翰的朋友墮入河中嗎?Does John's friend fall into the river?
9. 他們停留在瑪莉的家中。They stay at Mary's home.
10. 華盛頓是美國的首都嗎?Is Washington the capital of U.S.A.?
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 楼主| 发表于 2-7-2007 09:15 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 16 : Adverb

Adverb

在英文十類單詞中,副詞 Adverb 是其中一類。
什麼是副詞?副詞是用來形容動詞、形容詞、其他副詞或整個句子的詞。

注意事項:
1. 有些單詞既是副詞,亦是形容詞。當屬於不同詞類時,意義可能不同。

例如:
         
  He studies hard for the test.
  ﹝他為了考試努力學習。﹞﹝副﹞
         
  Stone is hard.
  ﹝石頭是硬的。﹞﹝形﹞

  This is a hard question.
  ﹝這是一條難題。﹞﹝形﹞
      
* "hard"屬副?氶A解作「勤力」;屬形容詞時,解作「硬」、「難」。
      
  You speak English very well.
  ﹝你說英文說得非常好。﹞﹝副﹞

  *"well"與"very"都是副詞;"well"形容"speak","very"形容"well"。

   不能說:"You speak English very good."因為"good"是形容詞,不能
   形容"speak"。

  He is well.
  ﹝他健康無恙。﹞﹝形﹞

  *"well"屬副詞時,解作「好」;屬形容詞時,解作「健康」。

2. 同一個副詞放於句中的不同位置,則所形容的對象會有不同,
   而整個句子的義意亦有分別。

例如:
         
  He did not die happily.
  ﹝他死得不安樂。﹞

  *"happily"形容"die"。

  Happily he did not die.
  ﹝他幸好不死。﹞

  *"happily"形容整個句子。
      
3. 當表示時間和地點的副詞同時在句中靠緊出現時,地點副詞在前,時間副詞在後。

例如:
         
  He will go there tomorrow.
  
*"will"是助動詞,幫助說明「將來」。

  *"there"是地點副詞,"tomorrow"是時間副詞。

  She will come here tonight.

  *"here"是地點副詞,"tonight"是時間副詞。         

4. "very"這個副詞可以用來形容形容詞及其他副詞,但不能用來形容動詞。

例如:
         
  The teacher is very kind.

  I love you very. ﹝錯﹞

  I very love you. ﹝錯﹞

  *"very"不能形容"love"。

  I love you very much. ﹝對﹞

  I much love you. ﹝對﹞

5. 表示事情出現次數多少的副詞,稱為「頻率副詞」Adverb of
   Frequency。

常見的有:

頻率副詞        %        意義相當的短語
always 總是        100 %        all of the time
usually 通常        -        most of the time
often 時常        -        much of the time
-        50 %        -
sometimes 有時        -        some of the time
seldom 很少        -        hardly ever
never 從不        0 %        not ever

例如:
         
  He always comes here for lunch.
  He usually comes here for lunch.
         
  He often comes here for lunch.
  He sometimes comes here for lunch.      
  He seldom comes here for lunch.         
  He never comes here for lunch.

※頻率副詞所放的位置通常有四種情況:

  (1) 在主語後面:
      He always comes here for lunch.

  (2) 在主語前面:
      Usually he comes here for lunch.
         
  (3) 在一般動詞後面:
      She is sometimes late.
         
  (4) 在助動詞與一般動詞之間:
      She can sometimes walk to school.

※表示確定次數的頻率副詞有:

  once, twice, three times, four times …
         
  I visit my parents once in a week.
  I visit my parents twice in a week.        
  I visit my parents three times in a week.         
  I visit my parents four times in a week.

6. 表示疑問的副詞,稱「疑問副詞」Interrogative Adverb。
   有:when, where, why, how。
         
例如:
         
  When do you go?      
  I go tomorrow.

  *"when"形容"go"。   
  
  Where do you go?
  I go to Hong Kong.
  
  Why do you go?
  I go to visit my parents.
  
  How do you go?
  I go by bus.

7. 某些在動詞後的副詞和在動詞後的介詞很易混淆,分別是:
   副詞可放在賓語之後,介詞不可。

例如:
         
  He turns over the page. / He turns the page over.
  ﹝"over"是副詞。﹞

  A fly crawls over the page.
  ﹝"over"是介詞。﹞

  She puts down her pen. / She puts her pen down.
  ﹝"down"是副詞。﹞

  The dog runs down the street.
  ﹝"down"是介詞。﹞

附錄:副詞體 Adverbial Object
有些名詞可用來形容動詞、形容詞或副詞,其功能有如副詞,
稱為「副詞體」。
         
例如:
         
  The child is ten years old.
  *"years"是副詞體。

  This river is ten miles long.

  Your stick is two inches too long.
  ﹝你的手杖長了兩吋。﹞
  *"too"是副詞,"inches"是副詞體。

  Your skirt is an inch too short.
﹝你的裙短了一吋。﹞
  *"inch"是副詞體。

  This book is worth ten dollars.
  *"worth"是形容詞,"dollars"是副詞體。

  This ring is not worth buying.
  *"buy"是動詞,加"ing"成名詞。

  She lives next door.
  *"door"是副詞體。

  He always travels second class.
  ﹝他總坐二等座位旅行。﹞
  *"class"是副詞體。

練習
翻譯:
         
1. 約翰有一本很大的書。John has a very  big book.
2. 你的手杖太長。Your stick is too long.
3. 他說話很慢。He speaks very slowly.
4. 我時常收到我妹妹的信。I often receive my sister's letters.
5. 他為什麼不來?Why does he not come?
6. 你在何處學習英文?Where do you learn English?
7. 那個美麗的女孩再歌唱。That beautiful girl sings again.
8. 我們很早起床而晚上很遲睡覺。We rise very early and sleep very late at night.
9. 他的女兒在哪裏歌唱?Where does his daughter sing?
10. 你的父親何時往香港?When does your father go to Hong Kong?
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 楼主| 发表于 2-7-2007 09:17 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 17 : Material  & Abstract Noun

Material Noun

名詞是指稱事物的詞。
名詞有多種。現在介紹物質名詞 Material Noun。
什麼是物質名詞?物質名詞是指稱那些無法分為個體的物質的詞。

例如:water, oil, wood, gold, rice, sand, pork,
beef, mutton, wine, ink, copper 等。

物質名詞的特點有:

  1. 沒有複數;
  2. 前面不加冠詞。

例如:
         
  Beef is a food.
  Sand is tiny pieces of rock.
  Oil does not mix with water.
  Do you drink wine?
  I buy two bags of rice.

  *"beef""sand""oil""water""wine""rice"都是物質名詞,沒有複數,
   不加冠詞。
         
特殊情況:
         
1. 如果物質名詞所指稱的是普遍的物質,即「泛指」,則不加任何
   冠詞;如果物質名詞所指稱的是特定的物質,即「實指」,則要
   加定冠詞"the"。
         
例如:
         
  The water in the cup is very salty.
  *"water"前面要加定冠詞"the" 。

2. 如果物質名詞所指稱的物質有不同的種類,而現在只指稱其中一
   種,則要加不定冠詞"a"。
         
例如:
         
  Water is a liquid.
  Gold is a beautiful metal.
  *"liquid""metal"前面要加不定冠詞"a"。

3. 如果物質名詞所指稱的物質有不同的種類,當談及各種種類時,
   則要加"s"。
         
例如:
         
  Brandy is the best among all wines.
  *"wine"要加"s"。

§ Abstract Noun

現在介紹抽象名詞 Abstract Noun。
什麼是抽象名詞?抽象名詞是指稱那些抽象概念的詞。

例如:wisdom, morality, beauty, knowledge, power,love,
health, opinion, politeness, difficulty, happiness 等。

抽象名詞的特點有:

  1. 沒有複數;
  2. 前面不加冠詞。

例如:
         
  Knowledge is power.﹝知識就是力量。﹞
  Unity is strength.﹝團結就是力量。﹞
  Health is worth.﹝健康就是財富。﹞
  Diligence is the mother of success.﹝勤力是成功之母。﹞
  Laziness is the mother of failure.﹝懶惰是失敗之母。﹞

  *"knowledge,""power""unity""strength""health""worth""diligence"
   "success""laziness""failure"都是抽象名詞,沒有複數,不加冠詞。

特殊情況:
         
1. 如果抽象名詞所指稱的不是「泛指」,而是「實指」,則要加
   定冠詞"the"。
         
例如:
         
  The politeness of your sister is praisworthy.
  *"politeness"前面要加定冠詞"the"。

2. 如果抽象名詞所指稱的有不同的種類,當談及各種種類時,則要
   加"s"。
         
例如:
         
  These students are different in their opinions.
  *"opinion"要加"s"。

練習
翻譯:
         
1. 黃金的價格高昂。The price of gold is high.
2. 我喜歡牛奶。I like milk.
3. 金錢是權力嗎?Is money power?
4. 名譽是人的第二生命嗎?Is reputation the second life of a man?
5. 你父親喝酒嗎?Does your father drink wine?
6. 杯中的酒來自德國。The wine in the cup comes from Germany.
7. 我弟弟的知識日見增長。The knowledge of my brother increases day after day.
8. 失敗是成功之母嗎?Is failure the mother of success?
9. 海水是鹹的嗎?Is the water in the sea salty?
10. 木材是非常有用的。Wood is very useful.
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 楼主| 发表于 2-7-2007 09:19 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 18 : Numeral & Quantitative Adjective

Numeral & Quantitative Adjective

形容詞有多種,現在介紹數形容詞 Numeral Adjective
和量形容詞 Quantitative Adjective。
什麼是數形容詞?數形容詞是形容可數事物的數量的形容詞。
什麼是量形容詞?量形容詞是形容不可數事物的分量的形容詞。

常見的數形容詞和量形容詞有:
/        數形容詞        量形容詞
任何         any        any
一些        some        some
所有        all        all
沒有        no        no
足夠        enough        enough
很多        many        much
很少        few        little
幾個        several        /

數形容詞和量形容詞的分別:
         
  1. 數形容詞所形容的名詞是:(1)可數的;(2)要用複數。
  2. 量形容詞所形容的名詞是:(1)不可數的;(2)要用單數。

1. any 和 some

(1)作數形容詞
         
例如:
         
  Have you any oranges?
         
  Have you some oranges?﹝期待肯定的答案,疑問句用"some"﹞
         
  Yes, I have some oranges.
         
  No, I have not any oranges.
         
  * 疑問句用"any"或"some"皆可;肯定句用"some";否定句用"any"。

(2) 作量形容詞
         
例如:
         
  Have you any rice?
         
  Have you some rice? ﹝期待肯定的答案,疑問句用"some"﹞
         
  Yes, I have some rice.
         
  No, I have not any rice.
         
  * 疑問句用"any"或"some"皆可;肯定句用"some";否定句用"any"。

  We must get it at any price.
  ﹝無論任何代價,我們都要得到它。﹞

2. all
(1) 作數形容詞
         
例如:
         
  All the chickens in the cage are yours.

(2) 作量形容詞
         
例如:
         
  All the rice in the bag is mine.

3. no
(1) 作數形容詞
         
例如:
         
  He has no books.

  * "He has no book."亦可,"no"後可用單數。

  He has no brothers.

(2) 作量形容詞
         
例如:
         
  He drinks no wine.
  He has no money.
  He has no hope.

4. enough
(1) 作數形容詞
         
例如:
         
  Have you enough cents?
         
  Have you cents enough?
         
  Yes, I have enough cents.
         
  Yes, I have cents enough.
         
  No, I have not enough cents.
         
  No, I have not cents enough.

  * "enough"在被形容的名詞之前或後皆可。

(2) 作量形容詞
         
例如:
         
  Have you enough money?
         
  Have you money enough?
         
  Yes, I have enough money.
         
  Yes, I have money enough.
         
  No, I have not enough money.
         
  No, I have not money enough.

5. many 和 much
         
例如:
         
  Many boys play ball in the garden.
  Much boys play ball in the garden. ﹝錯誤﹞

  *"boys"是可數名詞,只能用"many"來形容,不能用"much"來形容。

  Mary has much money.
  Mary has many money. ﹝錯誤﹞

  *"money"是不可數名詞,只能用"much"來形容,不能用"many"來形容。

  How many bottles of wine do you drink?

  *"how"是疑問副詞。

  How much wine do you drink?

6. few 和 little
         
例如:
         
  He is a man of few words.﹝他是個寡言的人。﹞
  Few people know his name.﹝沒有什麼人知道他的名字。﹞
  I have few good friends.﹝我沒有什麼好朋友。﹞

  * I have a few good friends.﹝我有幾個好朋友。﹞﹝"few"作名詞用﹞
  I have little money.﹝我沒有多少錢。﹞
  He drinks little wine.﹝他沒有飲多少酒。﹞

  * He drinks a little wine.﹝他飲一些酒。﹞﹝"little"作名詞用﹞

7. several
         
例如:
         
  My teacher has several good fountain-pens.
  *"several"意指三至六個。

練習
翻譯:

1. 你有一些日文書嗎?Have you any Japanese books?
2. 好人多朋友。A good man has many friends.
3. 這麵包師有足夠的麵粉嗎?Has the baker enough flour?
4. 那人沒有米。That man has no rice.
5. 他沒有什麼好書。He has few good books.
6. 甕中所有米都是她的嗎?Is all the rice in the jar hers?
7. 有些人不吃豬肉。Some people do not eat pork.
8. 那個農夫飲很多酒嗎?Does that farmer drink much wine?
9. 那個農夫沒有牛嗎?Has that farmer no oxen?
10. 我有幾本書。I have several books.
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 楼主| 发表于 2-7-2007 09:20 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 19 : The Difference between "Have"                         & "There is"

"Have" & "There is"

"Have" 解作「有」。但這個「有」,是擁有的「有」。
"There is" 亦解作「有」。但這個「有」,是存在的「有」。
在 "There is" 的結構中,"There" 是引導詞 Introductory Word,
沒有實質的意義,只作為加強語氣之用。

例如:
         
  I have a dictionary.
  You have two sisters.
  He has three dogs.

  *"have / has"是完意及物動詞,解作擁有的「有」。

  A book is on the desk.﹝一本書在書桌上。﹞
  There is a book on the desk.﹝有一本書在書桌上。﹞

  *"There is"是存在的「有」。"There"是引導詞,加強語氣。

轉為疑問句:Is there a book on the desk?

  A girl is in the room.
  There is a girl in the room.
  There is a cow there.﹝有一頭牛在那裏。﹞

  * 第一個"There"是引導詞,第二個"there"是副詞。

轉為疑問句:Is there a cow there?
試翻譯:有一匹馬在那裏。

  There is a horse. ﹝錯了!"There"只是引導詞,不是主語。﹞
  A horse is there. ﹝略對﹞

  There is a horse there.﹝正確﹞
  How many persons are there in the room?﹝有多少人在房內?﹞

  * "How"是疑問副詞。

  There are ten persons in the room.
  There are friends and friends.
  ﹝朋友有很多種,有益友,有損友。﹞

試翻譯:這學校有三千個學生。
         
  The school has three thousand students.
  ﹝錯!學校不是擁有學生!﹞

  There are three thousand students in the school.﹝正確﹞

練習
翻譯:
        
1. 這間屋內有很多清新的空氣。There is much fresh air in the house.
2. 他有些好書嗎?Has he some good books?
3. 甕中有三條魚嗎?Are there three fish in the jar?
4. 架上有一本字典和一本讀本。There is a dictionary and a textbook on the shelf.
5. 他們有黃牛和白馬嗎?Have they yellow cows and white horses?
6. 你的學校有很多學生嗎?Are there many students in your school?
7. 有兩隻老虎和三隻獅子在山中嗎?Are there two tigers and three lions in the mountain?
8. 有些米在甕中嗎?Is there some rice in the jar?
9. 那個老人有一本好字典。That old man has a good dictionary.
10. 你有父母和兄弟嗎?Have you parents and brothers?
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 楼主| 发表于 2-7-2007 09:23 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 20 : Interrogative Pronoun & Adjective

Interrogative Pronoun

代名詞有多種,現在介紹疑問代名詞 Interrogative Pronoun。
什麼是疑問代名詞?疑問代名詞是代替誰人或何物的代名詞。

英文的疑問代名詞有:

格        代人        代物        代人或物
主格        who        what        which
賓格        whom        what        which
所有格        whose        /        /

1. who
例如:
         
  Who are you?﹝對不認識的人問「你是誰?」答話:I am John.﹞

  Who is it?﹝對敲門的人問「哪一位?」答話:It is John.﹞

  Who is this?﹝在電話中問「哪位?」答話:This is John.﹞

  Who is the girl in the street?

  Who stands there?﹝答話:John stands there.﹞

  Who stand there?﹝答話:John and Mary stand there.﹞

  * 前一句用"stands",所問的是一人;後一句用"stand",所問的是兩人
    或以上。

2. whom
例如:
         
  Whom do you hate?﹝答話:I hate John.﹞

  Whom do you go with?

  或 With whom do you go?﹝答話:I go with Mary.﹞

  * 口語常說:Who do you hate?或 Who do you go with? 已被接受,
    但不說:With who do you go?

3. whose
例如:
         
  Whose is this book?﹝這本書是誰的【東西】?﹞
  ﹝答話:This book is hers.﹞

  Whose are these horses? ﹝These horses are theirs.﹞

4. what﹝主格﹞
         
例如:
         
  What are you?﹝你的職業是什麼?﹞
  ﹝答話:I am a teacher.﹞

  What makes her so happy?
  ﹝答話:The good news makes her so happy.﹞

  *"what"可作:1.主語;2.主語補語。

5. what﹝賓格﹞
         
例如:
         
  What do you see? ﹝答話:I see a bird.﹞

  What do you see with?

  或 With what do you see?﹝答話:I see with my eyes.﹞

6. which﹝主格﹞
         
例如:
        
  Which of the two dogs is yours?
  ﹝答話:The white one is mine.﹞

  Which of the old men is your uncle?
  ﹝答話:The old man with white hair is my uncle.﹞

7. which﹝賓格﹞
         
例如:
         
  By which of these two roads do you go to school?
  ﹝答話:I go to school by the left one.﹞

§ Interrogative Adjective
形容詞有多種,現在介紹疑問形容詞 Interrogative Adjective。
什麼是疑問形容詞?疑問形容詞是形容事物是什麼、是哪一個或
是誰人所有的之形容詞。包括what, which 和 whose。

例如:
         
  What book is this?﹝答話:This is a logical book.﹞

  What colour do you like? ﹝答話:I like blue colour.﹞

  Which book is the best? ﹝答話:This book is the best.﹞

  Which dog is yours? ﹝答話:That dog is mine.﹞

  Whose bag is this? ﹝答話:This is her bag.﹞

附錄:感嘆句 Exclamatory Sentence

什麼是感嘆句?感嘆句是表達強烈情感的句子。
在感嘆句的開頭,常用 "What" 或 "How" 這兩個單詞。
"What" 稱為感嘆形容詞 Exclamatory Adjective,用於名詞前面;
"How" 稱為感嘆副詞 Exclamatory Adverb,用於形容詞或副詞前面。

例如:
         
  What a long river this is!
  How long this river is!
  What a tall pagoda it is!
  How tall this pagoda is!
  What a beautiful girl she is!
  How beautiful that girl is!
  What a goose you are!
  How foolish you are!
  What a big house he has!
  How big that house is!


練習
翻譯:
         
1. 那人是誰?Who is that person?
2. 這四個老婦人有什麼?What do these four women have?
3. 這個學生是誰?Who is this student?
4. 哪個是他的教師?Which one is his teacher?
5. 這五個人中哪一個能說英語?Which of these five persons can speak English?
6. 你打誰人?Whom do you hit?
7. 你的妹妹閱讀什麼書?What book does your sister read?
8. 這三隻狗是誰的?Whose are these three dogs?
9. 你由這三條路中的哪一條上學?By which of these three roads do you go to school?
10. 誰坐在那棵大樹下?Who sits under that big tree?
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发表于 3-7-2007 12:57 PM | 显示全部楼层
thanks for sharing... keep going...
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 楼主| 发表于 3-7-2007 10:58 PM | 显示全部楼层

回复 #27 Tulip77 的帖子

謝 謝 你 的 支 持。。。。。tq....
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 楼主| 发表于 3-7-2007 11:01 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 21 : Simple Present & Simple Past Tense

Simple Present & Simple Past Tense

動詞是表示事物的動作或狀態的詞。
         
就中文來說,如果要表示某動作或狀態是在過去、現在還是未來發生,一般都要用動詞以外的其他詞來表示,而動詞本身並沒有變化。
         
例如:
         
  過去:兩年前我住在英國。
         
  現在:現在我住在香港。
         
  未來:明年我住在美國。

在上述的句子中,「兩年前」表示過去,「現在」表示現在,「明年」表示未來,而動詞「住」並沒有變化。就英文而言,如果要表示某動作或狀態是在過去、現在還是未?
發生,除了可用動詞以外的其他詞表示外,動詞本身亦要用不同的形態來表示。
         
例如:
         
  過去:I lived in England two years ago.
  現在:Nowadays I live in Hong Kong.
  未來:I shall live in America next year.

在上述句子中,為了表示不同的時間,動詞呈現出不同的形態:

"lived" "live" "shall live"。因此,英文的動詞是有時間性的,即有「時態」Tense 可言。
什麼是時態?動詞為了表示不同的時間呈現出來的形態,就是動詞的時態。
         
先介紹英文動詞的兩種時態:

1. Simple Present Tense ﹝一般現在時態﹞
動詞的一般現在時態的形態是:動詞的現在式
  * 第七課提及,動詞主要有四種形式:
    1. 現在式 Present Tense Form
    2. 現在分詞 Present Participle﹝簡稱pr.p﹞
    3. 過去式 Past Tense Form
    4. 過去分詞 Past Participle﹝簡稱p.p﹞

動詞的一般現在時態主要表示:
         
  (1) 現在的動作或狀態;      
  (2) 經常性的動作或狀態。

2. Simple Past Tense ﹝一般過去時態﹞
動詞的一般過去時態的形態是:動詞的過去式
動詞的一般過去時態主要表示:過去的動作或狀態。
  * 這種時態的動詞常與表示過去的副詞同用。

例如:
         
  現在:We go now.
        Do we go now?
        He goes now.
         
        Does he go now?
  過去:He went yesterday.
        Did he go yesterday?
  *"did"是助動詞"do"的過去式,幫助說明「過去」和表示「疑問」。
  
  現在:We often read newspapers.
  過去:We read that newspaper yesterday.
  *"read"的過去式亦是" read",只是讀音不同。

  現在:Can you swim?
  過去:Could you swim last year?
  *"could"是"can"的過去式,幫助說明「過去」及「能夠」。

  現在:You may go.
  過去:You might go yesterday but why did you not go?
  *"might"是"may"的過去式,幫助說明「過去」及「可以」。

  現在:Where are you?
  過去:Where were you yesterday?
  *"were"是"are"的過去式。
  I was / you were / he was / we were / you were / they were

  現在:There are ten students in the classroom.
  過去:There were ten students in the classroom.

  現在:Why do you not go to school?
  過去:Why did you not go to school yesterday?
  *"go to school"表示為了上課而去學校,不用"the";
   "go to the school"表示為了其他目的而去學校,要用"the"。

練習
翻譯:
         
1. 昨日誰在這裏?Who was here yesterday?
2. 你上月有這本字典嗎?Did you have this dictionary last month?
3. 他昨晚很恨我嗎?Did he hate me very much last night?
4. 你昨天和誰人去戲院?Whom did you go to the movie with yesterday?
5. 他的父親去年很窮嗎?Were his father very poor last year?
6. 這個女孩去年不會游泳但今年她會游泳。
This girl could not swim last year but she can swim this year.
7. 昨晚那個婦人罵誰?Whom did that woman scold last night?
8. 你昨日在何處?Where were you yesterday?
9. 他的弟弟去年是一個農夫嗎?Was his brother a farmer last year?
10. 你的弟弟今晨在何處找到這隻美麗的指環?
Where did your brother find this beautiful ring this morning?
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 楼主| 发表于 3-7-2007 11:02 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 22 : Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense

動詞的現在完成時態的形態是:

have / has + 動詞的過去分詞
動詞的現在完成時態表示:

  (1) 已經完成但與現在仍有關聯的動作或狀態;
  (2) 過去已經開始並持續到現在的動作或狀態;
  (3) 經驗過的動作或狀態。

例如:
         
  I have written a letter now. ﹝我現在已寫完一封信。﹞
  I have written a letter this morning.  ﹝我今早己寫完一封信。﹞

  * 如果說話時仍屬早上,句子是對的。

  I have written a letter this week.  ﹝我今個星期己寫完一封信。﹞

  * 如果說話時仍屬這個星期,句子是對的。

  I have written a letter this month. ﹝我今個月己寫完一封信。﹞

  * 如果說話時仍屬這個月,句子是對的。

  I have written a letter yesterday. ﹝錯誤﹞

  * 說話時不屬於昨天,句子是錯的。

應說:I wrote a letter yesterday.﹝我昨天寫了一封信。﹞

  Has he gone?﹝他已走了嗎〈剛走了嗎〉?﹞
         
  Yes, he has gone.﹝他已走了〈剛走了〉。﹞
         
  No, he has not gone.﹝他仍未走。﹞

以下句子犯了邏輯上的錯誤:

  When has he gone?﹝他何時候剛走了?﹞ ﹝錯誤﹞

* 錯誤有:1. 文法上的錯誤Grammatical mistake
          2. 邏輯上的錯誤Logical mistake
         
既然說「剛走」,又怎能問「何時走」呢!
         
應說:When did he go?﹝他何時走了。﹞
         
He went yesterday.﹝他昨天走了。﹞
      
動詞的現在完成時態不能與 "when" 這個疑問副詞同用,
與其他疑問副詞同用則可,如:

  Where has he gone?﹝他剛到哪裏去?﹞
         
  Why has he gone?﹝他為何剛走了?﹞
         
  How has he gone?﹝他剛才怎樣走的?﹞

         
當我跟你說:
         
  I have gone.﹝我已走了。﹞﹝錯誤﹞

  You have gone.﹝你己走了。﹞﹝錯誤﹞

  He has gone.﹝他已走了。﹞﹝正確﹞

  * 頭兩句犯了邏輯上的錯誤。
         
  I have come.﹝我已來了。﹞﹝正確﹞
         
  You have come.﹝你已來了。﹞﹝正確﹞
         
  He has come.﹝他已來了。﹞﹝正確﹞

現在式        現在分詞        過去式        過去分詞
be(am,are,is)        being        was/were        been
  Where have you been?﹝你去過哪裏?﹞
  I have been to City Hall.﹝我去過大會堂。﹞
  I have been to school.﹝我上學回來。﹞

  I have been to the school.﹝我到過學校。﹞
  *"to school"為上課而到學校;"to the school"為其他目的而到學校。

  I have been to market.﹝我買菜回來。﹞
         
  I have been to the market.﹝我到過菜市場。﹞
  I have been to hospital.﹝我看病回來。﹞
         
  I have been to the hospital.﹝我到過醫院〈多指探病〉。﹞

有人看見你面色不好,問你:
         
  Have you been sick?  ﹝你曾病過嗎?﹞
         
  Yes, I have been sick.  ﹝我曾病過〈現在不病了〉。﹞
         
  Yes, I have been sick for ten days.   ﹝我病了十日〈現在仍病〉。﹞

醫生問你:
         
  How long have you been sick?﹝你病了多久?﹞
  
  I have been sick for a month.  ﹝我病了一個月〈現在仍病〉。﹞
      
  Have you been in America?﹝你到過美國嗎?﹞
      
  Yes, I have been in America twice.﹝我到過美國兩次。﹞
      
  Have you been at Shatin?﹝你到過沙田嗎?﹞
         
  Yes, I have been at Shatin.﹝我到過沙田。﹞

  Have you seen that movie?﹝你看過那齣電影嗎?﹞

  Yes, I have seen that movie.﹝我看過那齣電影。﹞


練習
翻譯:

1. 你已吃了晚餐嗎?Have you taken your supper?
2. 這個老人已開了門。This old man has opened the door.
3. 自從童年時起,他已是乞丐了。He has been a beggar since his childhood.
4. 你學過英文文法嗎?Have you learned English grammar?
5. 他已病了五天。He has been sick for five days.
6. 他的妻子已探訪過那人。His wife has visited that person.
7. 你的妹妹學習日文已有多久?How long has your sister learned Japanese?
8. 她學習日文已有四年了。She has learned Japanese for four years.
9. 你已教導她和他嗎?Have you taught her and him?
10. 我已教導他們。I have taught them.
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 楼主| 发表于 3-7-2007 11:03 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 23 : Direct & Indirect Object
Direct & Indirect Object

第六課提及,賓語是表示動作的「承受者」是誰或是什麼的部分。
有些英文句子只含一個賓語,有些英文句子含有兩個賓語──
間接賓語 Indirect Object 和直接賓語 Direct Object。
在英文句子中,間接賓語通常在前,直接賓語通常在後;
間接賓語多用來表示人,直接賓語多用來表示物。
需要兩個賓語的動詞,稱為「授與動詞」Dative Verb。這種動詞
的功能是「授人與物」"give a person something"。
例如:
         
  The man gave the boy a book.﹝那男子給那男孩一本書。﹞

  *"the boy"是間接賓語,"a book"是直接賓語,"gave"是授與動詞。
如果在間接賓語前加上"to"或"for"等介詞以構成介詞短,則可消去
一個賓語,而原來需要兩賓語的授與動詞變成只要一個賓語的動詞。
         
例如:
         
  The man gave a book to the boy.

  The old man told the children an interesting story.

  * 加介詞變成:
    The old man told an interesting story to the children.

  Mary sent me a letter.

  * 加介詞變成:Mary sent a letter to me.
         
  I bought my daughter a new dress.

  * 加介詞變成:I bought a new dress for my daughter.
  
  * 當動詞含有「施行恩惠」的意思時,多用"for"。

  My mother made me a new shirt.

  * 加介詞變成:My mother made a new shirt for me.

  Get me a glass of water.

  * 加介詞變成:Get a glass of water for me.

  I ask you a favour.﹝我求你幫一個忙。﹞

  * 加介詞變成:I ask a favour of you.
  
  * 若"ask"請求的是抽象名詞所指稱的東西,則要用"of"。

  The teacher asks him a question.

  * 加介詞變成:The teacher asks a question of him.

  Her mother did not give her it.

  * 加介詞變成:Her mother did not give it to her.

當兩個賓語都是代名詞時,在間接賓語前的介詞可省去。
         
例如:

  Her mother did not give it her.

  I gave the beggar a coin.

  * 加介詞變成:I gave a coin to the beggar.

但如果直接賓語是代名詞而間接賓語是名詞時,則一定要用
介詞短語來表達。

例如:

  I gave the beggar it.﹝錯誤﹞

  I gave it to the beggar.﹝正確﹞
附錄一:英文句子的基本句型
現代的英文句子雖然有繁有簡,有長有短,但不外是以下五種
基本句型的擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。

S - Subject    PV - Predicate Verb    SC - Subjective Complement
O - Object     IO - Indirect Object        DO - Direct Object
OC - Objective Complement
         
句型一: S PV

  例:He has slept for two hours.

句型二: S PV SC

  例:He is a teacher.

句型三: S PV O

  例:He has read this book.

句型四: S PV IO DO

  例:He teach me English.

句型五: S PV O OC

  例:He makes me happy.

附錄二:句型四與句型五比較
句型四:The old man told me his history.

句型五:He painted the house green.
句型四        句型五

1."told"是「授與動詞」,授 人以物。        1."painted"是「作為動詞」,使什麼成為什麼。

2."his history"是直接賓語,是動作的「承受者」。        2."green"是賓語補語,是加在 「承受者」身上所生的結果。

練習
翻譯:
1. 裁縫師為你製造一套新的西裝嗎?Does the tailor make you a new suit?
2. 你的父親教誰中文呢?Whom does your father teach Chinese?
3. 他給我一杯水。He gives me a glass of water.
4. 你何時寫信給他?When do you write him a letter ?
5. 這個小孩向警察問路。This child asks the policeman the road.
6. 那個男孩問他一個有趣的問題。That boy asks him an interesting question.
7. 我已寄給他一封信。I have sent him a letter.
8. 那個老人已教你日文多久呢?How long has that old man taught you Japanese?
9. 你為你的兒子買了一輛自行車。You bought your son a bicycle.
10. 這本書花去她五十元。This book cost her fifty dollars.
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 楼主| 发表于 3-7-2007 11:04 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 24 : Emphatic & Reflexive Pronoun

Emphatic & Reflexive Pronoun

代名詞有多種,現在介紹其中兩種:增勢代名詞 Emphatic Pronoun
和反身代名詞 Reflexive Pronoun。

什麼是增勢代名詞?增勢代名詞是用來加強主語或賓語的語氣
的代名詞。

什麼是反身代名詞?反身代名詞是用來代替自己的代名詞。
增勢代名詞和反身代名詞有:
/        單數        複數
第一身        myself        ourselves
第二身        yourself        yourselves
第三身        himself        themselves
        herself        /
        itself        /
        *oneself        /
例如:
         
  I myself go. / I go myself.﹝我親自去。﹞

  *"myself"用來加強主語的語氣,它本身不能作主語。

  The president himself received Mr. Smith at the airport
  last night.﹝昨晚總統親自在機場迎接史密斯夫先生。﹞

  Mary herself handed me the letter.﹝瑪莉親自給我那封信。﹞

  You must tell John himself.﹝你必須告訴約翰本人。﹞

  She killed herself yesterday.﹝昨天她自殺。﹞

  *"herself"是反身代名詞。
  * She killed her yesterday.﹝作天她殺了她【另一人】。﹞

  One should love oneself.﹝人應自愛。﹞

  She bought herself a new skirt.   ﹝她給自己買了一條新裙子。﹞

  * She bought her a new skirt.﹝她給她【另一人】買了一條新裙子。﹞
  John sits by himself.﹝約翰獨坐。﹞

  *"by …self"意指「獨自」。
  
He sleeps by himself.﹝他獨睡。﹞
  I go to America by myself.﹝我獨自去美國。﹞
  I go to America myself.﹝我親自去美國。﹞
  Can your baby walk by itself?

  * 嬰兒 baby、幼兒 infant 和小孩 child,全用"it"代替。
  The door opened of itself.﹝門自動打開。﹞

  *"of …self"有「並非安排」之意。

  The light went out of itself.﹝燈自行熄滅。﹞
  The lamp fell of itself.﹝燈自行跌下。﹞
  John came of himself yesterday.﹝約翰不請自來。﹞

  * John came by himself. ﹝約翰獨自來。﹞
  * John came himself.﹝約翰親自來。﹞
附錄:增勢形容詞 Emphatic Adjective──「自己的」own
例如:
         
  He lives in his house.
         
有兩解:1. 他住在他﹝自己﹞的屋內。
        2. 他住在他﹝另一人﹞的屋內。
         
為了清楚起見,第一解可寫成:
         
  He lives in his own house.
  This is my own pen.
  One should love one's own parents.
  ﹝一個人應該愛他 / 她自己的父母。﹞

"one"可代表陽性或陰性。

如果在"one"之前加上"every"或"each",則不能再用"one's"。
古代以男性為中心,用"his":
         
  Every one should love his own parents.
         
  Each one should love his own parents.
近代有些女作家,爭取女權,改用"her":
         
  Every one should love her own parents.
         
  Each one should love her own parents.
後來又有人用"his or her":
         
  Every one should love his or her own parents.
         
  Each one should love his or her own parents.
又有人認為太累贅,改用"their":
         
  Every one should love their own parents.
         
  Each one should love their own parents.

其實,在文法上不合,因為"every one"是單數,"their"是複數,
但"their"己被接受。

練習
翻譯:
         
1. 他去年自殺嗎?Did he killed himself last year?
2. 那些英文書都是我自己的。Those English books are my own.
3. 你獨自去看電影嗎?Do you go to movie by yourself?
4. 這棵大樹昨天自然倒下嗎?Did this tree fall of itself yesterday?
5. 人不可欺。One should not cheat oneself.
6. 這是他自己的過失。This is his own fault.
7. 你的兒子能獨自寫信嗎?Do your son write a letter by himself?
8. 你昨天見到總統本人嗎?Did you see the president himself?
9. 那個學生昨日為她自己買了一本英文字典。
That student bought herself an English dictionary yesterday.
10. 人應自愛。One should love oneself.
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 楼主| 发表于 3-7-2007 11:05 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 25 : Gender

Gender

§ Gender
每個英文名詞總具備以下其中一種屬性:
         
  陽性 Masculine Gender   陰性 Feminine Gender
  通性 Common Gender      中性 Neuter Gender

如果名詞所指稱的事物屬雄性生物,則該名詞屬陽性;
如果名詞所指稱的事物屬雌性生物,則該名詞屬陰性;
如果名詞所指稱的事物包括雄性和雌性生物,則該名詞屬通性;
如果名詞所指稱的事物無分雄性和雌性,則該名詞屬中性。
         
例如:
性        例子
陽性        father, brother, man, boy, gentleman, king, prince, emperor, ox, cock
陰性        mother, sister, woman, girl, lady, queen, princess, empress, cow, hen
通性        child, friend, pupil, student, doctor, nurse, teacher, driver, tiger, lion
中性        pen, desk, book, water, stone, river, tree, mountain, flower, grass

當我們要知道某英文名詞的屬性時,只要著眼於該名詞所指稱的
事物,便可以了,而無需死記該名詞的屬性。比起某些歐洲語文
例如法文、德文來說,英文就方便得多了。
         
  * 就法文來說,「書」、「紙」屬陽性,而「筆」、「墨」屬陰性。
    就德文來說,「書」、「紙」屬中性,但「筆」、「墨」卻屬陰性,

    而「帽」、「鞋」則屬陽性。當某名詞屬陽性時,加在該名詞前後的冠詞、形容詞以及代替該名詞的代名詞一律要取陽性形式;當某名詞屬陰性時,加在該名詞前後的冠詞、形容詞以及代替該名詞的代名詞一律要取陰性形式。

不過,就英文而言,亦有些例外情況:

1. 有些名詞所指稱的事物本來無分雌雄,但在習慣上往往把
   它們視作陰性名詞。例如:船、國家名稱。

  The ship has spread her sails.﹝那艘船已張開她的帆。﹞
  The ship sails with a white bone in her mouth.
  * 為何把船當作陰性名詞呢?原因是認為船是美好的事物。如果不認為
    船是美好的事物,則可視作中性名詞。
    例如:There is a boat. It has four oars.

  China is proud of her culture.
  Japan was very proud of her navy.
  * 當談及純粹的地理問題時,國家名稱往往視作中性名詞。
    例如:Japan is very famous for its earthquakes.

2. 運用擬人法 personification﹝把其他物類當作人類來寫﹞
   寫作,可把中性名詞變成陽性或陰性名詞。

  The moon has hidden her face behind the cloud.
  * sun, moon, earth 雖然是專有名詞,但第一個字母不須大寫,
   不過前面仍要加定冠詞。

  Spring has put on her green robe. 春天己穿上她綠色的衣袍。﹞

  Winter has put on his white robe.
  * 通常,指稱溫柔、和暖等事物的名詞,多被視作陰性名詞;
    指稱強力、猛烈等事物的名詞,多被視作陽性名詞。例如
   「春」、「秋」視作陰性;「夏」、「冬」視作陽性。

練習
翻譯:
        
1. 王子昨天病嗎?Was the prince ill yesterday?
2. 那個洗衣的女人是外國人嗎?Is that washerwoman a foreigner?
3. 她是那個僕人的主人嗎?Is she the mitress of that servant?
4. 她的丈夫是一個教師。Her husband is a teacher.
5. 你曾見過獅子和老虎嗎?Have you seen lions and tigers?
6. 她的女兒是我的表妹。Her daughter is my cousin.
7. 他昨天在他舅父的學校裏。He was in his uncle's school yesterday.
8. 我的子女昨天見你和你的妻子。My children saw you and your wife yesterday.
9. 我伯母的丈夫是我的伯父。My aunt's husband is my uncle.
10. 你的舅父買一頂新的帽子給誰?Whom does your uncle buy a new hat for?
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 楼主| 发表于 4-7-2007 07:51 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 26 : Simple Future Tense

Simple Future Tense

英文動詞是有時間性的。英文動詞為了表示不同的時間而呈現出來
的形態,稱為「時態」Tense。
英文動詞的一般將來時態的形態是:
           
will / shall﹝英﹞ + Root Form
英文動詞的一般將來時態表示將來發生的動作或狀態。
         
例如:
         
  We shall go to Shanghai tomorrow.
  He will graduate next year.

其實,「will / shall﹝英﹞ + Root Form」這種形態的動詞除了表示「將來」外,還可表示「意願」或「決心」。

參見U表:

A 組        B 組        C 組
純粹將來        主角意願 + 將來        講者 / 對方意願 + 將來
I ( We ) will / shall (英) go.         I ( We ) will go.         I ( We ) will go.
You ( You ) will go.        You ( You ) will go.         You ( You ) shall go.
He ( They ) will go.        He ( They ) will go.         He ( They ) shall go.

例如:
         
  I will be ten year old next year.
  ﹝我明年將會十歲。﹞﹝A組﹞

  Will you go there again?
  No, I will not go there again.
  ﹝不,我決不會再到那裏去。﹞﹝B組﹞

  Will you go with me tomorrow?
  Yes, I will go with you tomorrow.
  ﹝是,我明天決定和你去。﹞﹝C組﹞

  How old will I be next year?
  You will be ten years old next year.
  ﹝你明年將會十歲。﹞﹝A組﹞

  You will go with me tomorrow.
  ﹝明天你想和我去。﹞﹝B組﹞
  You shall learn English for three years.
  ﹝你將要學三年英文。﹞﹝C組﹞

  He will be ten years old next year.
  ﹝他明年將會十歲。﹞﹝A組﹞

  Will he go with me tomorrow?
  Yes, he will go with you tomorrow.
  ﹝是,他明天決定和你去。﹞﹝B組﹞

  Shall he go with me tomorrow?
  ﹝【你】容許他明天和我去嗎?﹞﹝C組﹞

  Yes, he shall go with you tomorrow.
  ﹝是,他明天將可以和你去。﹞﹝C組﹞

練習
翻譯
         
1. 這個小孩將會是十二歲。This child will be twelve years old.
2. 你要我送這封信嗎?Shall I send this letter for you?
3. 下星期我叔父將從美國回來。My uncle will come from America next week.
4. 你容許他做這件事嗎?Shall he do this thing?
5. 他願意這樣做嗎?Will he so so?
6. 我決定明天探訪他。I will visit him tomorrow.
7. 你容許我和你的兒子玩球嗎?Shall I play ball with your son?
8. 你將不可留在這裏。You shall not stay here.
9. 你今晚有空嗎?Will you be at leisure tonight?
10. 再過兩三日我將在美國。I will be in America in a few days.
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 楼主| 发表于 4-7-2007 07:52 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 27 : Indefinitive Pronoun

Indefinitive Pronoun

代名詞有多種,現在介紹不定代名詞 Indefinite Pronoun。
什麼是不定代名詞?不定代名詞是用來代替不確定的事物的代名詞。
         
常見的有:
不定代名詞         中文含意
one        一個人 / 一樣東西
each        各人 / 各樣東西
both        兩個人 / 兩樣東西
either        兩人中任一人 / 兩物中任一物
neither        非兩人中任一人 / 非兩物中任一物
another        另一人 / 另一物
other        另外的人 / 另外的物
any        任一人 / 任一物
several        幾個人 / 幾樣東西
some        一些人 / 一些東西
many        很多人 / 很多東西
all        所有人 / 所有東西
none        沒有人 / 沒有東西
each other        彼此兩人 / 彼此兩物
one another        彼此三(或以上)人/ 彼此三(或以上)物
everybody        每個人
nobody        沒有人
anybody        任一人
somebody        有些人
everything         每樣物
nothing        沒有物
anything        任一物
something        有些物

1. one
         
例如:
         
  One should do one's duty.
  I have lost my watch. I must buy one.﹝單數﹞
  Give me apples. I want big ones.﹝複數﹞

2. each
         
例如:
         
  Each of them has his own duty.
  He had words of encouragement for each of us.
  She cuts the cake into pieces and gives one to each
  of the children.

3. both
         
例如:
         
  Both of us are well.
  Why not use both? ( = why do you not use both? )

4. either
         
例如:
         
  Either will do.
  He has lived in Mongkok and Yau Ma Tei but he doesn't like either.

5. Neither
         
例如:
         
  Neither of them knows.
  Neither of the accusations is true.

6. Another
         
例如:
         
  Another of them will go.
  This pencil will not do, give me another.

7. other
         
例如:
         
  I don't like this one, show me the other.
  One is a boy and the others are girls.

8. any
         
例如:
         
  Can any of you tell?
  I don't want any of these books.

9. several
         
例如:
         
  Several were absent yesterday.
  Several of the apples are bad.

10. some
         
例如:
         
  Some agree with us.
  Some agree to the plan.
  * 同意人用 "agree with";同意計劃、建議等用 "agree to"。
         
11. many
         
例如:
         
  Many of us like reading.
  I did not find many.

12. all
         
例如:
         
  All enjoyed themselves.
  All is over.

13. None
         
例如:
         
  Once I had a lover but now I have none.
  None of these is a typical case.

14. each other
         
例如:
         
  They hate each other.
  The two dogs look at each other.

15. one another
         
例如:
         
  They all love one another.

16. everybody

例如:
         
  Everybody knows it.

17. nobody

例如:
  Nobody knows it.

18. anybody
例如:

  Did you meet anybody?

19. somebody

例如:

  Yes, I met somebody.

20. everything
         
例如:
         
  I don't know everything.

21. nothing
例如:

I know nothing.

22. anything
例如:

  Do you know anything about him?

23. something
例如:

  Yes, I know something about him.
練習
翻譯
  
1. 他們兩人中無一是商人。Neither of them two is a merchant.
2. 桌上大兩枝花,你可選擇其中之一。
There are two flowers on the table, you can choose either of them.
3. 沒有人能游過這條河。None can swim across this river.
4. 你不應欺騙他人。You should not cheat others.
5. 除這人外,無人能駕駛飛機。Nobody except this one can drive an areoplane.
6. 這些書中,我己讀過幾本。I have read several of these books.
7. 有些人坐在樹下,有些人臥在草地上。Some sit under the tree and some lie on the grass.
8. 你們三人中,能有一人騎腳踏車嗎?Can one of you three ride on a bicycle?
9. 你們兩人同是我的朋友。Both of you are my friends.
10. 人不應自欺。One should not cheat oneself.
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 楼主| 发表于 4-7-2007 07:53 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 28 : Infinite Adjective

Indefinite Adjective

形容詞有多種,現在介紹不定形容詞 Indefinite Adjective。
什麼是不定形容詞?不定形容詞是形容不確的事物的形容詞。

常見的有:
不定形容詞        中文含意
certain        某的
every        每的
each        各的
some        某的
another        另外的
other        另外的
either        兩者中任一的
neither        並非兩者中任一的
1. certain
         
例如:
         
  A certain man will visit you tomorrow.   ﹝明天某人將探訪你。﹞
  He went to a certain theatre yesterday.  ﹝昨天他去某戲院。﹞

2. every
         
例如:
         
  Every man has faults.﹝每個人都有缺點。﹞
  He came every day.﹝他每天都來。﹞
  He came every other day.  ﹝他每兩天來一次 / 他每隔一天來。﹞
  He came every three days.﹝他每三天來一次。﹞

3. each
         
例如:
         
  Each boy must take his turn.
  Each pupil of this class is very diligent.

4. some
         
例如:
         
  I will call on you some Monday.
  ﹝我決定在某個星期一來探你。﹞
  I will write you a letter some day.

  * "some day"指將來的某一日。
         
  He went to some place in France.﹝他到法國某地去了。﹞

5. another
         
例如:
         
  I want another cup of coffee.
  I will give you another example.

6. other
         
例如:
         
  Where is the other glove?﹝另一隻手套在哪裏?﹞
  Come some other day.﹝改天再來。﹞
  I saw them the other day.﹝我幾天前看到他們。﹞

  * "the other day" 指過去的某一日 / 前幾天。

7. either
         
例如:
         
  Either dictionary will do.
  You may take either seat.﹝你可坐任何一個座位。﹞

  * 三者或以上用 any。
         
8. neither
         
例如:
         
  Neither book is yours.
  I like neither flower.

  * 口語多說:I don't like either flower.

練習
翻譯
         
1. 兩書之中,無一是淺的。Neither book is easy.
2. 兩個樽中任一個都注滿了水。Either bottle is full of water.
3. 香港每一個學生都是勤力的嗎?Is every student in Hong Kong diligent?
4. 在房中,各人都吃自己的早餐。Each person in the room takes his breakfast.
5. 我給這兩個小孩各人一隻香蕉。I give a banana to each child of the two.
6. 他父親將於某日與他往美國。His father will go to America with him some day.
7. 我的老師於某日與他往美國。My teacher went to America with him the other day.
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 楼主| 发表于 4-7-2007 07:53 PM | 显示全部楼层
8. 這班中每一個學生都懂英文文法。Each student of this class understands English grammar.
9. 我們的老師每隔兩星期考我們一次。Our teacher tests us once every three weeks.
10. 這兩人中,無一是愚蠢的。Neither person is foolish.
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 楼主| 发表于 4-7-2007 07:54 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 29 : Clause

Clause

有一類英文句子稱為「複雜句」Complex Sentence。
什麼是複雜句?複雜句中的基本成份或修飾語不是單詞或短語,
而是整個句子。
         
在複雜句中,有一個句子結構是整句的主要結構,稱為「主要子句」
或「主句」Main Clause;其他句子結構稱為「從屬子句」或「從句」
Subordinate Clause。

根據從句的不同作用,從句可分三種:
         
(1) 名詞從句 Noun Clause ──從句當作名詞來用;
(2) 形容詞從句 Adjective Clause ──從句當作形容詞來用;
(3) 副詞從句 Adverb Clause ──從句當作副詞來用。

現在先分別對三種從句作初步介紹,後面各課再作詳細講解。

A. 名詞從句
         
例如:
         
  That the earth is round is true.
  * "----- is true" 是主句。

  * "That the earth is round" 是從句。因為當作名詞來用,所以是
    名詞從句。

  * 利用 "That" 這個字詞把 "the earth is round" 附屬於主句身上,
    因此"That" 稱為「從屬連詞」Subordinate Conjunction。

  * 由於 "That the earth is round" 是一件事件,因此它是:
    1.單數;2.第三身;3.中性;4.主格。

改為疑問句:
         
  Is that the earth is round true?
  Yes, that the earth is round is true.
  No, that the earth is round is not true.
  I know that Mary is your sister.

  * 如果 Noun Clause 作主語,則必須保留 "that";
    如果 Noun Clause 作賓語,則可把 "that"隱藏。即可寫成:
    I know Mary is your sister.

B. 形容詞從句
         
例如:
         
  The boy who is lazy will surely fail.
  ﹝那個懶惰的男孩將來肯定失敗。﹞
  * "The boy will surely fail" 是主句。
         
  * "who is lazy" 是從句。因為當作形容詞來用,所以是形容詞從句。
         
  * "who" 使從句與主句發生聯繫,稱為「關係代名詞」。
         
  * "boy" 是 "who" 的「先行詞」 Antecedent。
         
  * 關係代名詞的身和數以先行詞為標準,即 "who" 的身和數由
   "boy" 來決定。  
    The student who studies hard will surely succeed.

  I know the girl who swims in the river.
      
改為疑問句:

  Do you know the girl who swims in the river?
  Yes, I know the girl who swims in the river.
  No, I don't know the girl who swims in the river.

C. 副詞從句
         
例如:
         
  If you add five to five, you get ten.

  * "you get ten" 是主句。

  * "If you add five to five" 是從句。因為當作副詞來用,
    所以是副詞從句。

  * 利用 "If" 把 "you add five to five" 附屬於主句身上,因此
    "If" 稱為「從屬連詞」Subordinate Conjunction。
  Though he is tired, he walks very fast.

  * "Though he is tired" 修飾 "walks" 的情況。
      
  I liked swimming very much when I was young.

  * "when"稱為「連接副詞」Conjunctive Adverb,把 "I was young"
    附加到主句身上。
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 楼主| 发表于 4-7-2007 07:55 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 30 : Noun Clause
Noun Clause

把名詞從句附屬到主句身上的詞有四種:

  (1) 從屬連詞 Subordinate Conjunction
  (2) 連接代名詞 Connective Pronoun
  (3) 連接形容詞 Connective Adjective
  (4) 連接副詞 Connective Adverb


1. 從屬連詞 Subordinate Conjunction
         
  有:(1) that;(2) if;(3) whether…or。
         
例如:
         
  That he has gone is untrue.
  The government announced that the danger was past.

  * 名詞從句作賓語時,"that" 可隱藏:
    The government announced the danger was past.
  
  Can you speak Japanese?
  I ask if you can speak Japanese?

  * 在名詞從句中,所有動詞﹝包括助動詞﹞必須在主語後面。
         
  I don't know whether he will go or not.

  * 原句應是:
    I don't know whether he will go or (whether he will) not (go).

2. 連接代名詞 Connective Pronoun
         
可用疑問代名詞把名詞從句附加到主句身上。此時的疑問代名詞
稱為「連接代名詞」,有:
格        代人        代物        代人或物
主格        who        what        which
賓格        whom        what        which
所有格        whose        /        /
例如:
         
  Who are you?
  I ask who you are.
  Can you tell me who the girl in the street is?
  I do not know who sits on that chair.
  Who will be the president of America next time is unknown.
  Whom does your mother teach in the room?
  I ask whom your mother teaches in the room.
  Tell me whom you associate with and I tell you who you are.
  Whose is that car?
  I ask whose that car is.
  What is your father?
  Can you tell me what your father is?
  What happens today will become history tomorrow.
  The important thing is what a person does, not what he
  says.
  Can you tell me which of these two babies is yours?
  I do not know by which of the two roads he goes to school.
  I will give this book to whoever wants it.

  * "whoever" 指「無論誰人」,亦是連接代名詞。
         
  Choose whichever you want.

  * "whichever" 指「無論哪個」,亦是連接代名詞。
  Take whatever you need.

  * "whatever" 指「無論什麼」,亦是連接代名詞。

3. 連接形容詞 Connective Adjective
         
可用疑問形容詞把名詞從句附加到主句身上。此時的疑問形容詞
稱為「連接形容詞」。

有: (1) what;(2) which;(3) whose。
例如:
         
  What book is this?
  I do not know what book this is.
  Which dog is mine?
  I ask which dog is mine.
  Whose cat is that?
  Can you tell me whose cat that is?

4. 連接副詞 Connective Adverb
         
可用疑問副詞把名詞從句附加到主句身上。此時的疑問副詞稱為
「連接副詞」。
有:(1) when;(2) where;(3) why;(4) how。
例如:
         
  When he will come home is not yet known.
  When we should hold the meeting is still under
  consideration.
  I told him where he could find the answer.
  Where we will go is the question.
  That is why he loves her so much.
  I do not know why he broke off in the middle of a sentence.
  ﹝我不知道為何他一句話還未說完就忽然停住不說了。﹞
  Can you tell me how you go?
練習
翻譯:
         
1. 她將於下星期結婚是個好消息。That she will marry next week is a good news.
2. 你能告訴我誰是她的妹妹嗎?Can you tell me who her sister is?
3. 你已通知他我明天吃什麼嗎?Have you informed him what I shall eat tomorrow?
4. 我不知她愛哪一個。I do not know which one she loves.
5. 無人知道火車何時到達。Nobody knows when the train will arrive.
6. 他不知道你的叔父將往何處。He does not know where your uncle will go.
7. 我問他如何解決這難題。I ask him how he solves this problem.
8. 我問他為什麼做這些事。I ask him why he does these things.
9. 你能查出李先生住在何處嗎?Can you find out where Mr. Lee lives?
10. 我們相信你不是壞的。We believe you are not bad.
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 楼主| 发表于 4-7-2007 07:56 PM | 显示全部楼层
Lesson 31 : Adjective Clause
Adjective Clause

除了用單詞或短語來形容名詞外,還可以用從句來形容,那些從句
稱為「形容詞從句」Adjective Clause;而被形容的名詞,稱為
「先行詞」Antecedent。

例如:

  We need fearless men.﹝單詞形容 "men"﹞
  We need men without fear.﹝短語形容 "men"﹞
  We need men who are fearless. ﹝從句形容 "men"﹞

把形容詞從句附屬到主句身上的詞有三種:

  (1) 關係代名詞 Relative Pronoun
  (2) 關係形容詞 Relative Adjective
  (3) 關係副詞 Relative Adverb

1. 關係代名詞 Relative Pronoun
         
有:(1) who﹝代人﹞;(2) whom﹝代人﹞;(3) which﹝代物﹞;
    (4) that﹝代人或物﹞;(5) as﹝代人或物﹞
         
例如:
         
  The two men who are in that house are my uncles.

  * 關係代名詞 "who" 的身和數由先行詞 "men" 決定。
         
  This is the man who showed me the way.
  There is somebody who wants you on the telephone.
  ﹝有人想你接聽電話。﹞

  * 在 "there is" 結構後面的形容詞從句,當主語的 "who" 可隱藏,即:
    There is somebody wants you on the telephone.
  The girl whom you saw is her sister-in-law.

  * 當關係代名詞在形容詞從句中作賓語時,可隱藏,即:
    The girl you saw is her sister-in-law.
  Whom do you mean? 或 Who do you mean?
         
  I know the man whom you mean. 或
  I know the man who you mean.
  ﹝我認識你所意指的那個人。﹞

  * 可隱藏 "whom" 或 "who",即:I know the man you mean.
         
  The woman for whom you wrote a letter yesterday is my aunt.
  ﹝你昨天替她寫信的婦人是我的伯母。﹞

  * 當關係代名詞在形容詞從句中作介詞的代名詞時,不能隱藏。
    不過,改為「變裝」後則可:
         
  「原裝」:The woman for whom you wrote a letter yesterday is my aunt.
  「變裝」:The woman whom you wrote a letter for yesterday is my aunt.
  「簡裝」:The woman you wrote a letter for yesterday is my aunt.

  The house which is for sale is at the end of the street.
  History is a very long story which is still going on.
  Do you know the time on which John went to America?

  * 「原裝」:Do you know the time on which John went to America?
    「變裝」:Do you know the time which John went to America on?
    「簡裝」:Do you know the time John went to America on?
         
  This is the book in which you can find the answer.

  * 「原裝」:This is the book in which you can find the answer.
    「變裝」:This is the book which you can find the answer in.
    「簡裝」:This is the book you can find the answer in.
  Can you tell me the place at which we can have a quiet talk?

  * 「原裝」:Can you tell me the place at which we can have
              a quiet talk?
    「變裝」:Can you tell me the place which we can have
              a quiet talk at?
    「簡裝」:Can you tell me the place we can have
              a quiet talk at?
  Do you know the reason for which they love each other?

  * 「原裝」:Do you know the reason for which they love each other?
    「變裝」:Do you know the reason which they love each other for?
    「簡裝」:Do you know the reason they love each other for?
  The man that sold you the camera is a rogue.
  This is the best logical book that I have ever read.

  * 關係代名詞作賓語,可隱藏:
    This is the best logical book I have ever read.
  I never say such things as you say.
  I do not like such a girl as you love.
  This is the same watch as I lost yesterday.
  ﹝這手錶跟我昨天遺失的是同一類型。﹞

  * This is the same watch that I lost yesterday.
    ﹝這就是我昨天遺失的手錶。﹞
  
      
2. 關係形容詞 Relative Adjective
         
有:whose
例如:
         
  The boy whose hair is yellow is his brother.

  * 說所有頭髮,hair 不加 "s";加了 "s",指兩條、三條 ……。
  That is the girl whose sister is a teacher.

3. 關係副詞 Relative Adverb
         
有:(1) when; (2) where; (3) why。
例如:

  Do you know the time when Mary will come to Hong Kong?

  * 句中有顯示時間的字詞例如 "time",在形容詞從句中的 "when"
    可隱藏,即:Do you know the time Mary will come to Hong Kong?
    又例如:
    That was the first time ( when ) I went to the Great Wall.
         
  I do not know the place where he will go.
  I do not know the reason why he did not come yesterday.

  * 若先行詞是 "reason", 則 "why" 可隱藏,即:
    I do not know the reason he did not come yesterday.
附錄:限制性從句與非限制性從句
據「先行詞是否被形容詞從句限制」這個標準,形容詞從句可分兩種:
         
(1) 限制性從句 Defining Clause:先行詞被形容詞從句限制;
(2) 非限制性從句 Non-defining Clause:先行詞不被形容詞從句
    限制。
         
例如:
         
  He has a brother who is a teacher.
  ﹝他有一個任教師的兄弟。﹞

  * "who is a teacher" 是限制性從句,限制 "brother" 的範圍。
  He has a brother, who is a teacher.
  ﹝他有一個兄弟,他是教師。﹞

  * "who is a teacher" 是非限制性從句,沒有限制 "brothre" 的範圍,
    只是補充說明而已。
  * 要用 "," 把非限制性從句與其他部分隔開。
  * 比較:第一句意味著他可能還有其他兄弟;第二句意味著他只有一個兄弟。
         
※ "that" 在限制性從句中,可代人或物,但在非限制性從句中,
   卻不能。
         
例如:
         
  He has a brother that is a teacher. ﹝正確﹞

  He has a brother, that is a teacher. ﹝錯誤﹞
  I returned all the books which are scientific ones to the library.
  ﹝我把所有科學書都交還圖書館。﹞

I returned all the books, which are scientific ones, to the library.
  ﹝我把所有書都交還圖書館,那些是科學書。﹞

  * 比較:第一句意味著還了那些科學書,可能有其他書未還;
          第二句意味著所有書都還了。
練習
翻譯
         
1. 坐在樹下的老人是一位科學家。The old man who sits under the tree is a scientist.
2. 他已失去我給他的金錢。He has lost the money which I gave him.
3. 這些是我去年所讀的書。These are the books which I read last year.
4. 那個頭髮是金色的男人是英國人。That man whose hair is golden is an Englishman.
5. 我騎的馬是一匹好馬。The horse which I ride on is a good one.
6. 我的僕人打碎的杯是屬於李小姐的。The cup which my servant broke belonged to Miss. Lee.
7. 我最喜歡的女孩是你的妹妹。The girl whom I like best is your sister.
8. 我將買給你一切你所需的東西。I will buy you all the things which you need.
9. 他為什麼那樣做的理由是很明顯的。The reason why he did that is very obvious.
10. 這是我去年居住的地方。This is the place where I lived last year.
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