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发表于 9-7-2018 01:46 PM
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1962 agreement
The Johor River Water Agreement was signed on 29 September 1962 between the city council of the state of Singapore and the government of the state of Johor.15 Valid for 99 years till 2061, the agreement gave Singapore the right to draw 250 million gallons of water per day (1.14 million cubic metres) from the Johor River.16 In return, Johor was entitled to a daily supply of treated water from Singapore up to two percent of the raw water it supplied.17
Singapore had to pay rent for the land it used “at the standard rate applicable to building lots on town land”.18 The water prices remained the same as in the previous agreement – 3 sen per 1,000 gallons of raw water supplied to Singapore and 50 sen per 1,000 gallons of treated water sold to Johor.19 After Singapore and Malaysia stopped using a common currency in 1973, the prices became denominated in Malaysian ringgit.20
The 1961 and 1962 agreements provided for a price review after 25 years, with arbitration being the agreed course of action if bilateral price negotiations failed.21 However, the Johor government chose not to revise the prices at both opportunities, in 1986 and 1987.22
The Independence of Singapore Agreement (also known as the Separation Agreement) signed between the governments of Singapore and Malaysia on 9 August 1965 guaranteed the 1961 and 1962 water agreements.23
1990 agreement
This was signed on 24 November 1990 between the Public Utilities Board (PUB) of Singapore and the government of the state of Johor.24 It was supplementary to the 1962 pact and would also expire in 2061.25 A separate document was signed on the same day by the governments of Malaysia and Singapore to guarantee adherence to the agreement.26
Under this agreement, Singapore was allowed to construct a dam across Sungei Linggiu27 to facilitate the extraction of water from the Johor River,28 with Johor setting aside about 21,600 ha (216 sq km) of land for the project.29 Singapore agreed to pay a RM320 million as compensation for the permanent loss of use of the land and its associated revenue, in addition to a premium of RM18,000 per hectare (10,000 sq m) and an annual rent of RM30 for every 1,000 sq ft (per 92.9 sq m) of the land. The cost of building and maintaining the dam would be borne by Singapore.30
In return, Singapore could purchase treated water from Johor generated by the new dam.31 This would be over and above the 250 mgd of raw water that it was allowed to draw from the Johor River under the 1962 agreement.32 The price of this additional supply would be calculated based on a fixed formula: the weighted average of Johor's water tariffs plus 50 percent of the surplus from the sale of this water by PUB to its consumers after deducting Johor's price and PUB's cost of distribution, or 115 percent of the weighted average of Johor's water tariffs, whichever was higher.33
This agreement was a follow-up to the memorandum of understanding (MOU) signed on 28 June 1988 between the two countries' prime ministers at the time: Lee Kuan Yew for Singapore and Mahathir Mohamad for Malaysia. The signing of the MOU was hailed as a breakthrough in Singapore-Malaysia water relations – the culmination of six years of difficult negotiations.34 |
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发表于 9-7-2018 12:09 PM
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