分享英文的各種Grammar。。。。。。

yan10

Lesson 49 : Appositive
1. Mr.Lee, a famous doctor, always helps the poor.
2. This book, an English dictionary, is too expensive.
3. He will send me a cat, black and white one.
4. He cannot go to study further, a regretful thing.
5. The news, that John has married Mary, is untrue.
6. His saying, a man's life is like a dream, is true.
7. Why should he, a lazy boy, be praised?
8. I use twenty dollars to buy a book, that is written by Mr.Chan.
9. John, Tom's good friend, is a merchant.
10. Mary, my sister, has a new car.

yan10

Lesson 50 : Direct & Indirect Speech

Direct and Indirect Speech

敘述可分兩種：
  1. 直接敘述 Direct Speech
     依講者本來的口吻敘述出來。

  2. 間接敘述 Indirect Speech
     依另一人的口吻敘述出來。

例如：
  1. He said, "I am a teacher."
  2. He said that he was a teacher.
  * "I am a teacher" 是直接敘述； "he was a teacher" 是間接敘述。

A. 如果直接敘述是陳述句，那麼改為間接敘述時要注意：

(a) 根據意思，改變敘述中的動詞時態。

直接敘述        間接敘述

一般現在時態        一般過去時態

現在進行時態         過去進行時態

現在完成時態        過去完成時態

現在完成進行時態        過去完成進行時態

一般過去時態        過去完成時態

一般將來時態         過去將來時態*

  * 從「過去」的觀點看「將來」。例如1985年已經過去，但從1984年看來，

    卻是將來，這個「將來」就是「過去將來」。動詞的一般過去將來時態的

    形態是：should / would + root form。

(b) 根據意思，改變敘述中的人稱代名詞、指示代名詞或所有格形容詞。

(c) 根據意思，改變敘述的時間副詞或地點副詞。

直接敘述        間接敘述
now        then
today         that day
this morning         that morning
yesterday        the day before / the previous day
yesterday morning        the morning before / the previous morning
last night        the night before / the previous night
last Monday        the Monday before / the previous Monday
ago        before
two days ago        two days before
tomorrow        the next day
next week        the following week
here        there

(d) 通常在間接敘述前加從屬連詞 "that"。

例如：
  1. John said, "I am very tired."
  2. John said that he was very tired.

  1. He said, "I am writing a letter.
  2. He said that he was writing a letter."

  1. They said, "We have learned a lot of knowledge from the
     old man."
  2. They said that they had learned a lot of knowledge from
     the old man.

  1. He said, "I have been studying English for three years."
  2. He said that he had been studying English for three years.

  1. She said, "I saw the film yesterday."
  2. She said that she had seen the film the day before.

  1. He said, "I shall go to America next month."
  2. He said that he would go to America the following month.

B. 如果直接敘述是疑問句，那麼改為間接敘述時還要注意：

(a) 若疑問句是一般疑問句，在間接敘述前要加 "whether" 或 "if"；

(b) 若疑問句是特殊疑問句，在間接敘述前仍用原來的疑問詞；

(c) 間接敘述要依陳述句的語序，即動詞放在主語後面。

例如：
  1. The teacher asked me, "Have you finished your exercises?"
  2. The teacher asked me whether I had finished my exercises.

  1. Mr. Lee asked him, "Do you know how to say it in English?"
  2. Mr. Lee asked him if he knew how to say it in English.

  1. He asked me, "Why do you not go home?"
  2. He asked me why I did not go home.

  1. She said to the man, "Where are you going?"
  2. She asked the man where he was going.

C. 如果直接敘述是祈使句，那麼改為間接敘述時還要注意：

(a) 敘述以外的動詞要改用含有祈使意義的 tell,ask,request,order。

(b) 間接敘述中的動詞要改用不定詞來表達。

  1. She said to him, "Do not talk nonsense!"
  2. She told him not to talk nonsense.

  1. He said to me, "Tell me something about her."
  2. He asked me to tell him something about her.

  1. He said to me, "Please lend me some money."
  2. He requested me to lend him some money.

  1. The leader said to us, "Run!"
  2. The leader ordered us to run.

D. 如果直接敘述是感嘆句，那麼改為間接敘述時還要注意：
    以其他詞代替敘述中的感嘆形容詞或感嘆副詞。

例如：
  1. He said, "How happy I am!"
  2. He said that he was very happy.

  1. He cried out, "Oh, what a big house it is!"
  2. He cried out that it was a very big house.

E. 特別情況：

(a) 如果直接敘述是報告普遍真理，那麼改為間接敘述時，動詞的
    時態不須改變。

例如：
  1. The teacher said, "The sun rises in the east."
  2. The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.

(b) 如果直接敘述是報告歷史事實，那麼改為間接敘述時，動詞的
    時態不須改變。

例如：
  1. He said, "Columbus discovered America."
  2. He said that Columbus discovered America.

(c) 如果直接敘述中的動詞使用虛擬語氣，那麼改為間接敘述時，
    動詞的時態不須改變。

例如：
  1. He said, "I would fly to you at once if I were a bird."
  2. He said that he would fly to you at once if he were a bird.

(d) 如果直接敘述中有 "must" 或 "ought to"，那麼改為間接敘述時，
    動詞的時態不須改變，但解釋時作「過去」解。

例如：
  1. I said, "I must go home."
  2. I said that I must go home.

  1. He said, "John ought to study harder."
  2. He said that John ought to study harder.

練習
試將以下的直接敘述轉為間接敘述：

1. David said, "I am really Copperfield."
2. The waiter said, "I will drink it if you like."
3. The landlady said to him, "Take care of that child."
4. Mr. Lee said to him, "Do you know that girl?"
5. He said to her, "Why do you not sign the form?"
6. Mr. Lee said, "I must leave."
7. She asked me, "Do you learn English in America?"
8. He said, "How beautiful she is!"
9. He asked me, "How high is that building?"
10. He said, "Lead is heavier than iron."
1. David said that he was really Copperfield.
2. The waiter said that he would drink it if you like.
3. The landlady asked him to take care of that child.
4. Mr.Lee asked him whether he knew that girl.
5. He asked her why she did not sign the form.
6. Mr.Lee said that he must leave.
7. She asked me if I learned English in America.
8. He said that she was very beautiful.
9. He asked me how high that building is.
10. He said that lead is heavier than iron.

yan10

我已經貼完了， 希望下次有新的發現， 再和大家一起分享，謝 謝。。。。

lunapig

辛苦楼主了！！
你真的很用心 和 有耐性！！佩服！
谢谢~~

tt_tt

楼住很赞哦！！！！我支持你的，你的解释很清晰，我不明白的，看了这篇帖子都明了。

tt_tt

9. 一隻獅子、一隻猴子和一隻狗玩耍。A lion, a monkey and a dog play.
10. 約翰、瑪莉和一個婦人講話。John, Mary and a woman talk.

why behind the verb without add  "s " ?

Orang_Utan

不好学中国人，华人用中文来学习英文的grammar，最后也是个英语哑巴和写出中式英文。

有的中国英文教授写出来的英文比新加坡小学一年级的学生更烂。文法理论讲得头头是道，可是写出来的文章全是Chinglish。

.:.阿叻.:.

赞...
顶啊~~

雪天使127

哇！！！！
楼住，你好利害哦！
小妹甘拜下风！！！！

shall,should,will,would,can,may,might要怎样分?

幸福的瞬間

谢谢楼主。。。。。
我刚好在找这个。希望你再找到好贴，贴上来和大家分享。

yen1988

原帖由 tt_tt 于 20-9-2007 12:29 PM 发表
9. 一隻獅子、一隻猴子和一隻狗玩耍。A lion, a monkey and a dog play.
10. 約翰、瑪莉和一個婦人講話。John, Mary and a woman talk.

why behind the verb without add  "s " ?

那要看你的subject是singular or plural.如：

You and he are the best of friends.（ plural )
Mary, like her mother is smart and hardworking.( 只指mary所以singular )

A lion, a monkey and a dog play.& John, Mary and a woman talk.( plural so without s)

yen1988

谢谢楼主分享。获益良多。 可以问下你在哪里找到这些的吗？

发发宝宝

原帖由 Orang_Utan 于 20-9-2007 03:26 PM 发表
不好学中国人，华人用中文来学习英文的grammar，最后也是个英语哑巴和写出中式英文。

有的中国英文教授写出来的英文比新加坡小学一年级的学生更烂。文法理论讲得头头是道，可是写出来的文章全是Chinglish。

可是，要学外来语。必须要懂得`语法呀！
因为毕竟不是我们从小说讲的语言。

语言要多听，多`讲，多读才能掌握的好呀！

yan10

我是無意發現的。不好意思﹐現在﹐我在找著“它”的WEBSITE﹐會盡快給你知道。

yan10

我是在這里找到的。http://www.npc.edu.hk/staff/~ngtungying/english_grammar/
在左邊選單中點選 目錄 即可進入，一共分成50個單元。每單元都有翻譯習作可練習。習作寫完後，可下方的 answer鍵，會出現參考解答。